Unveiling the challenges of short non-coding RNAs and their prospects in cancer therapy

Abstract

Short non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) represent a burgeoning frontier in cancer therapeutics due to their exquisite gene regulatory abilities. These molecules hold immense potential for precisely targeting and manipulating gene expression in cancer cells. However, several key challenges limit their clinical application, effectively reducing sncRNAs function to specific targets within the body. This review delves into the emerging role of sncRNAs in gene regulation in cancer. We focus on the critical challenges linked with sncRNA, including ensuring their stability in circulation, minimizing off-target effects, optimizing tolerability within the patient, and facilitating efficient cellular uptake. In addressing significant research gaps, particularly the issues of stability, off-target effects, and the translational challenges from preclinical to clinical settings, this review highlights therapeutic strategies such as chemical modifications, novel delivery systems, gene editing techniques, and combination therapies with conventional treatments. By addressing these challenges and exploring these therapeutic strategies, sncRNA-based therapies hold the potential to significantly improve cancer treatment. Future research should focus on optimizing these strategies to translate preclinical findings into effective clinical applications.