Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites for ballistic protection: Design, performance, and challenges

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable and lightweight materials in defense and security applications has driven the development of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) for ballistic protection. This paper explores the potential of NFRPCs in ballistic armor, focusing on material design, performance evaluation, and the challenges encountered in their application. Natural fibers, such as jute, flax, and hemp, offer significant environmental and weight advantages over traditional synthetic fibers while providing acceptable impact resistance when embedded in polymer matrices. The design considerations for NFRPCs-based ballistic protection systems are examined, highlighting the interplay between fiber type, matrix selection, and composite architecture. The ballistic impact behavior of these composites is assessed through various testing methodologies, emphasizing their energy absorption, deformation mechanisms, and multi-hit performance under different threat levels. Furthermore, this study presents an analysis of the key challenges—ranging from fiber variability and moisture absorption to the optimization of mechanical properties—that hinder widespread adoption in high-performance armor applications. The results underline the potential of NFRPCs as a cost-effective, eco-friendly alternative for protective armor while emphasizing the need for further research to overcome performance limitations. Ultimately, this work aims to provide a foundation for advancing sustainable ballistic protection materials through innovative design and testing strategies.