Association between precipitation events, drought, and animal operations with Salmonella infections in the Southwest US, 2009–2021

Abstract

Background

Temperature and precipitation have previously been associated with Salmonella infections. The association between salmonellosis and precipitation might be explained by antecedent drought conditions; however, few studies have explored this effect.

Methods

Using an ecological study design with public health surveillance, meteorological (total precipitation [inches], temperature [average °F], Palmer Drought Severity Index [PDSI, category]), and livestock data we explored the association between precipitation and Salmonella infections reported in 127/141 counties from 2009 to 2021 in the Southwest, US and determined how this association was modified by antecedent drought. To explore the acute effect of precipitation on Salmonella infections we used negative binomial generalized estimating equations adjusted for temperature with a 2-week lag resulting in Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR). Stratified analyses were used to explore the effect of antecedent drought and type of animal density on this association.

Results

A one inch increase in precipitation was associated with a 2 % increase in Salmonella infections reported two weeks later (IRR: 1.02, 95 % CI: 1.00, 1.04) after adjusting for average temperature and PDSI. Precipitation following moderate (IRR: 1.22, 95 % CI: 1.17, 1.28) and severe drought (IRR: 1.16, 95 % CI: 1.10, 1.22) was associated with a significant increase in cases, whereas in the most extreme drought conditions, cases were significantly decreased (IRR: 0.89, 95 % CI: 0.85, 0.94). Overall, more precipitation (above a 30-year normal, the 95th and 99th percentiles) were associated with greater increases in cases, with the highest increase following moderate and severe drought. Counties with a higher density of chicken and beef cattle were significantly associated with increased cases regardless of drought status, whereas dairy cattle, and cattle including calves had mixed results.

Discussion

Our study suggests precipitation following prior dry conditions is associated with an increase in salmonellosis in the Southwest, US. Public health is likely to see an increase in salmonellosis with extreme precipitation events, especially in counties with a high density of chicken and beef cattle.