One Health最新文献

The eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) grapples with entrenched armed conflicts, creating a complex humanitarian crisis with far-reaching implications for global health. This paper explores the intersection between armed conflict in the region and the risks of zoonotic disease transmission, shedding light on interconnected challenges and proposing integrated strategies for mitigation. Armed conflict disrupts healthcare systems, affecting healthcare facilities (HCF) and healthcare workers (HCW), destroying millions of lives, impoverishing communities, and weakening surveillance systems. This deleterious situation is a bottleneck to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially Universal Health Coverage (UHC), as it prevents millions of Congolese from accessing healthcare services. The direct impact of armed insecurity undermines Global Health Security (GHS) by fostering natural habitat degradation and biodiversity loss, exacerbating vulnerabilities to zoonotic disease outbreaks. Forced population displacement and encroachment on natural habitats amplify human-wildlife interaction, facilitating zoonotic disease spillover and increasing the risk of regional and global spread. Biodiversity loss and poaching further compound these challenges, underscoring the need for holistic approaches that address both conservation and public health concerns. Mitigating zoonotic disease risks requires strengthening surveillance systems, promoting community engagement, and integrating conservation efforts with conflict resolution initiatives. By adopting a comprehensive approach, including the incorporation of One Health considerations in all peace-seeking and humanitarian efforts, stakeholders can enhance Global Health Security, scale up UHC, and promote sustainable development in conflict-affected regions. Creativity and strategic foresight are essential to safeguarding the well-being of human, livestock, plant, and wildlife populations in the Eastern DRC.

Dog-mediated rabies is endemic in India. The country records the highest mortality due to dog-bite-related rabies despite the availability of interventions to prevent deaths. We present a case study of the death of a 59-year-old man in a suburban town of Northeast India after a dog bite from an owned pup. Through this case study, we investigate various omissions and commissions in communities and health professionals that make rabies rampant in India. The circumstances surrounding the death were investigated by interviewing the wife, relatives, neighbour, the hospital/nursing home where the bite case was reported, the district Rapid Response Team (RRT), and the Veterinary and Animal Health Department Officer and through the information recorded in the disease outbreak report. While the biting animal was not vaccinated and had no restriction over its movement imposed by the owners, the response of the hospital staff and public authorities was delayed and inadequate. A poignant reminder of the complexities surrounding dog-mediated rabies in India, this case study calls for a holistic protocol to address dog bites through ensuring the One Health approach encompassing education, provision of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and canine rabies vaccines for dogs, promotion of responsible dog ownership, and intersectoral collaboration. Moreover, strengthening communication channels through effective data exchange and encouraging synergy among healthcare, veterinary, and public health sectors is indispensable to maximize the impact of rabies prevention and control interventions.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) launched by the United Nations in 2015 were a global challenge calling for ending poverty, protecting the environment, and guaranteeing peace and prosperity to world citizens by 2030. Brazil has changed gears, accepted the SDG challenge and moved one step forward. On the dawn of January 1st, 2023, the very first day of President Lula's office, Brazil issued the Decree no. 11,349/2023 and created an additional SDG itself on animal health by establishing the Department of Animal Protection and Rights (DAPR). The DAPR primarily aims to establish a Federal Animal Code and other nationwide standard procedures for pet population management and mass neutering/spaying programs, services against animal cruelty, welfare meat production, meat substitutes, and enforcement of native fauna protection. Meanwhile, Brazil's new government has reduced in 48% the Amazon deforestation and mining, enforced the inspections on national parks and preserved areas, limited wild boar hunting. On top of it, Lula's G20 Bloc presidency starting this coming December has shown the Brazil commitment to reestablish its historical prominence on international conversation and diplomacy. Finally, recognition of a clear and unquestionable nexus among animal welfare, environment, and sustainability, beyond the United Nations original proposition, in a country level, particularly with still-preserved nature areas, should be understood and invested as humanity heritage.

Background: Biomonitoring is an essential activity for identifying possible vectors and reservoirs of pathogens and predicting potential outbreaks. Wild red foxes are present in both sylvatic and synanthropic environments, making them potential carriers of zoonotic pathogens. Experimental studies have shown that both coyotes and red foxes can transmit SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in wild red foxes hunted in northern Poland. Methods: Oral swabs, blood clots or heat tissue samples were collected from 292 red foxes hunted in northern Poland. We used both molecular (RT-PCR) and serological (IFA) approaches to detect SARS-CoV-2 infections in the sampled animals. Results: We did not find any evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the collected samples, using both molecular and serological methods. Conclusions: Despite foxes having frequent contact with humans, human waste, and other animals, they do not appear to participate in the circulation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in our geographical region. Nevertheless, we believe that continuous biomonitoring should be performed to assess the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiological situation in the wild.

Leptospirosis has a complex transmission, involving rodents and many species of domestic and wild animals. Carrier animals spread leptospires, contaminating soil and water, the main sources of human infection. The risk of infection is modulated by socio-economic factors, environment and host animals and has changed, historically linked to agriculture but now prevalent in recreational environments. Leptospirosis also reveal gender-specific exposure patterns that determine infection risks. Emphasizing the interconnectedness of humans, animals, and the environment, the One Health approach highlights the ecosystem dynamics through which leptospires interact with hosts and abiotic factors, ensuring their survival and transmission.

We advocate for integrating gender considerations into the ecosystem dynamics of complex zoonoses, such as leptospirosis, through a One Health perspective. This approach, yet to be fully explored, may enhance our understanding of the infection and its modulating factors. A scoping review of the literature was conducted across Embase and Pubmed databases to collect information on sex and gender-specific drivers, sources of infections, environmental drivers, and related risks of leptospirosis. Quantitative data were extracted from the articles selected according to a list of criteria, and analyzed to discern sex and gender disparities and identify primary drivers of leptospirosis. We confirmed that the excess of male leptospirosis cases described in many parts of the world is also present in Europe. Furthermore, we identified environmental and sociocultural drivers and hypothesized their interactions between and within human, animal, and environmental sectors. These interactions modulate direct and indirect exposure to Leptospira, heightening infection risks across the ecosystem. Based on our findings, utilizing leptospirosis as a model, we advocate for integrating One Health and gender approaches in public health practices to better plan and implement more effective and timely intervention measures.

The potential cross-transmission of Strongyloides stercoralis between dogs and humans has become an increasing focus of strongyloidiasis research and control programs. However, the role of cats and wild felids in the maintenance and transmission cycles of human and canine strongyloidiasis has received sparse attention. Feline strongyloidiasis epidemiology remain enigmatic. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the global prevalence of Strongyloides spp. in felines and reviewed cross-species infection studies to elucidate the transmission cycle of some feline Strongyloides species. Literature searched from seven databases identified 42 eligible prevalence studies published between 1985 and 2024. Of these, 44 datasets from 40 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Using a random effect model combined with the Rogan-Gladen method, we estimated the pooled global prevalence of Strongyloides spp. in felines at 13.3% (95% CI: 8.3–18.3%), with rates of 12.2% (95% CI: 6.7–17.8%) in domestic cats (Felis catus) and 20.0% (95% CI: 14.9–25.2%) in wild felids. Feline strongyloidiasis was distributed across all six WHO regions, with Africa (49.7%; 95% CI: 40.0–59.3%) and the Western Pacific (46.9%; 95% CI: 42.6–51.1%) showing the highest pooled prevalence. Subgroup analysis revealed a significantly higher prevalence of Strongyloides infection in stray domestic cats (29.2%; 95% CI: 6.3–52.1%) compared to pet cats (9.3%; 95% CI: 3.7–14.9) and shelter cats (4.4; 95% CI: 0–9.0). Historical cross-species transmission studies demonstrated variable susceptibility of cats to human- or canine-derived S. stercoralis. It remains inconclusive whether cats act as a reservoir for S. stercoralis infection in humans or vice versa. Feline strongyloidiasis is a prevalent condition in wild, stray, pet and shelter cats. Much of the available prevalence data does not discriminate to species level, and the role of cross-species transmission in feline S. stercoralis infections remains obscure. Future studies would benefit from utilising molecular genotyping tools to enable species-level phylogenetic differentiation.

The widespread misuse of antibiotics to combat bacterial infections in dairy farming is a global concern contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). To gain insights within small-scale dairy farming, a study was conducted in Nyabihu district of Rwanda from September 2021 to April 2023 to assess practices and factors associated with antibiotic use, investigate antibiotic residues in cow milk and undertake a comprehensive training program to improve quality milk production. A mixed-methods approach, combining cross-sectional and longitudinal intervention studies, involved 42 regular dairy farmers from both open and zero-grazing systems delivering milk to the Union pour la Promotion des Cooperatives des Eleveurs en Nyabihu (UPROCENYA) milk collection center (MCC). Standardized questionnaires and farm interviews were conducted to assess antibiotic use practices while bulk tank milk samples from the same farmers were collected and tested for antibiotic residues using rapid tests over 16 months (8 months before and 8 months after training).

Out of 451 bulk tank milk samples tested, 27 samples (6%) contained antibiotic residues, primarily tetracyclines (55.3%) and beta-lactams (44.7%). Before farmers training, 5182.75 l of milk were rejected monthly due to antibiotic residues. Following training, milk rejections decreased to 3192.75 l per month, reflecting 38.35% monthly decrease. However, no statistically significant difference was found by independent t-test (t = 1.441; p = 0.173) between milk rejected before and after training. 97.6% of interviewed farmers reported using antibiotics within six months preceding data collection, with 71.4% primarily used for disease treatment, notably targeting tick-borne diseases (34.0%). Alarming practices included administering antibiotics without referring samples for laboratory examination (100%), disregarding withdrawal periods (88.1%) and administering antibiotics without a veterinary doctor's prescription (85.7%). Factors contributing to these practices included limited farmer’s knowledge on antibiotics, easy access to antibiotics in local agro-veterinary shops, and insufficient veterinary services. Antibiotic-laden milk was used to feed calves (38.6%), consumed at home (26.5%), and sold (12.0%).

The observed misuse of antibiotics and disregard for antibiotic withdrawal periods pose significant threats to both milk quality and human health. The authors recommend that dairy farmers prioritize animal health monitoring and implementing biosecurity measures to prevent diseases and thus reduce antibiotic usage. Collaborative efforts among stakeholders are highly recommended to enhance capacity building for dairy farmers and support research initiatives. Furthermore, it is strongly suggested to strengthen regulations on the prudent use of antibiotics within the Rwandan food production system to curb antimicrobial resistance across both animal and human populations.