Complete streets meet fragmented policies: Sidewalks in 30 U.S. cities

Abstract

This article contributes a qualitative analysis of the sidewalk policies of the 30 most populous cities in the United States, using a social-ecological framework to relate sidewalk policies to health outcomes. The study identifies barriers to achieving walkability and equity and opportunities for future improvement with a structured review of sidewalk ownership, planning, assessment, and financing and synthesis of common motivations for existing approaches. The cities studied have Complete Streets and Vision Zero policies, both of which prioritize pedestrian infrastructure, yet the sidewalk policies which could operationalize those goals assign responsibility to the abutting property owner in 77 % of cities. Only three cities - San Francisco, Denver, and Austin - have “equitable” policies. Widespread shortfalls in funding for sidewalk projects often undermine equity goals, regardless of policy. While sidewalk networks are required to meet walkability goals, policies largely take a patchwork approach. Thinking of sidewalk infrastructure as separate from the abutting private property offers an opportunity to realize additional funding sources and institutional capacity and, along with State and Federal support, an opportunity for sidewalk policies and networks which better support ambitious municipal goals.