Chemical composition and properties of Ski wax: A comprehensive analysis of fluorinated, non-fluorinated, and bio-based waxes

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Cold Regions Science and Technology Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI:10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104365

Lorenz Cushman, Justin Zsiros, Gus Kaeding, Jeffrey Bates

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Abstract

This study analyzes the chemical composition and thermal properties of various ski wax materials, including fluorinated, non-fluorinated petroleum-based, and bio-based waxes. Advanced characterization techniques (FTIR, EDS, and DSC) were used to investigate the chemical functionality, elemental composition, and thermal behavior of these waxes. Fluorinated powder waxes were found to be composed almost entirely of fluorocarbons, while solid fluorinated waxes are primarily hydrocarbons with minimal fluorine content. Bio-based waxes exhibit unique ester and carboxylic acid functional groups. Different brands, models, and suggested temperature uses of waxes within the same physical and chemical type show similar chemical compositions. While petroleum-based compared to bio-based waxes show a significant difference in chemical structure. EDS analysis identified silicon, magnesium, and aluminum in certain waxes, possibly indicating the use of additives. DSC results showed similar thermal behavior at sub-freezing temperatures. This research lays the groundwork for understanding ski wax material science and opens up new avenues for future investigation and innovation in the ski and ski wax industry.

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Ski 蜡的化学成分和特性：含氟、无氟和生物蜡的综合分析

本研究分析了各种滑雪蜡材料的化学成分和热性能，包括含氟、非含氟石油基和生物基蜡。研究采用了先进的表征技术（傅立叶变换红外光谱、电致发光光谱和二氯甲烷）来研究这些蜡的化学功能、元素组成和热行为。研究发现，含氟粉末蜡几乎完全由碳氟化合物组成，而固体含氟蜡主要是碳氢化合物，氟含量极低。生物基蜡表现出独特的酯和羧酸官能团。在相同的物理和化学类型中，不同品牌、型号和建议温度下使用的蜡具有相似的化学成分。而石油蜡与生物蜡在化学结构上有显著差异。EDS 分析在某些蜡中发现了硅、镁和铝，这可能表明使用了添加剂。DSC 结果表明，在亚冰点温度下的热行为相似。这项研究为了解滑雪蜡材料科学奠定了基础，并为滑雪和滑雪蜡行业未来的研究和创新开辟了新途径。

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来源期刊

Cold Regions Science and Technology 工程技术-地球科学综合

CiteScore

7.40

自引率

12.20%

发文量

209

审稿时长

4.9 months

期刊介绍： Cold Regions Science and Technology is an international journal dealing with the science and technical problems of cold environments in both the polar regions and more temperate locations. It includes fundamental aspects of cryospheric sciences which have applications for cold regions problems as well as engineering topics which relate to the cryosphere. Emphasis is given to applied science with broad coverage of the physical and mechanical aspects of ice (including glaciers and sea ice), snow and snow avalanches, ice-water systems, ice-bonded soils and permafrost. Relevant aspects of Earth science, materials science, offshore and river ice engineering are also of primary interest. These include icing of ships and structures as well as trafficability in cold environments. Technological advances for cold regions in research, development, and engineering practice are relevant to the journal. Theoretical papers must include a detailed discussion of the potential application of the theory to address cold regions problems. The journal serves a wide range of specialists, providing a medium for interdisciplinary communication and a convenient source of reference.