Cold Regions Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Ice particle grouping under waves: Experimental investigation of the initial stage of pancake ice formation","authors":"Yasushi Fujiwara ,&nbsp;Takuji Waseda ,&nbsp;Tsubasa Kodaira ,&nbsp;Takehiko Nose ,&nbsp;Tomotaka Katsuno ,&nbsp;Koya Sato","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate modeling of the wave-ice interaction processes is essential in improving the predictability of the marginal ice zone environment, which is exposed to energetic wind waves. Here, the ice floe formation process under waves was investigated in laboratory experiments, using an 8 m-long, 1.5 m-wide wave flume filled with 0.6 m-deep fresh water enclosed in a freezer room. Under continuous agitation of waves, water froze as numerous small pieces like grease ice. They formed band-like structures (“groups”), which eventually consolidated to form ice floes with raised rims. Based on the observed process, a theoretical scaling of group widths <span><math><mi>D</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>λ</mi><mo>∝</mo><msup><mi>a</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> (<em>D</em>, <span><math><mi>λ</mi></math></span>, and <span><math><mi>a</mi></math></span> denote group widths, wavelength, and wave amplitude, respectively) is derived by modeling the ice as collection of small elements, where their bondings would break when the tensile stress induced by the wave orbital motion exceeds a certain value. The measured group widths generally followed the scaling, which suggests that the major dynamics of initial group formation is explained by the tensile fracture by wave orbital motion. However, the widths showed some systematic deviation from the theoretical scaling positively correlated with frequency, suggesting an influence of unaccounted processes. It is also pointed out that there is a large discrepancy in the reported coefficient of the scaling, which is relevant to ice bonding strength, between laboratory experiments and field measurements. Such analyses and other observations suggest potential influence other processes such as wave-to-ice momentum transfer in the pancake formation process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 104449"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on freeze-thaw resistance and Na+ leaching characteristics of red mud-fly ash-phosphogypsum multiple solid waste road base material","authors":"Shengjie Liu ,&nbsp;Dahu Rui ,&nbsp;Mintae Kim ,&nbsp;MingChang Ji ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the applicability of multiple solid waste road base materials in seasonally frozen soil areas and reduce the negative impact of red mud (RM) on the environment owing to its strong alkalinity, this paper utilizes untreated bayer method RM, fly ash (FA), and phosphogypsum (PG) as raw materials for preparing the road base materials. The mechanical properties, leaching characteristics, and Freeze-thaw (F-T) resistance of the materials from different solid waste systems were investigated through F-T cycle tests, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, and leaching tests. The hydration, sodium solidification, and F-T deterioration mechanisms were revealed using an X-ray diffractometer and a scanning electron microscope. Results indicated that when the mix ratio of RM: FA: PG: cement was 64:28:2:6 (RFP2), the specimen exhibited the best F-T resistance. After 10 F-T cycles, the compressive strength retention rate (BDR) of the specimen was 91.43 %, and the Na⁺ leaching concentration was 390 mg/L, which still met the Chinese standard. The main hydration products of the material include C-S-H gel and ettringite crystals. These crystals and gels are intertwined and connected to form a dense mesh structure, which improves the material's F-T resistance and sodium solidification effect. The F-T cycle results in the expansion of cracks within the material, which leads to the destruction of the adhesion of the cementitious products, thus causing a deterioration of the strength of the specimen and the reduction of the sodium solidification effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 104448"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salt-frost heave development and resistance mechanisms in saline soils solidified with multiple industrial wastes","authors":"Yanhong Han ,&nbsp;Hailong Wang ,&nbsp;Huijun Xue ,&nbsp;Haolong Guo ,&nbsp;Yaolu Chen ,&nbsp;Fan Li ,&nbsp;Qingfu Li ,&nbsp;Huanjie Su","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salt-frost heaving of canal foundation saline soils is the primary cause of damage to the lining structures of water conveyance channels in the Hetao Irrigation District, China. Chemical solidification of saline soils can mitigate frost heave; however, application studies exploring the salt-frost heave resistance of saline soils solidified through the synergistic use of multiple industrial solid wastes in the Hetao remain limited. This study employs a sustainable solidifying material composed of slag, fly ash, coal gangue, coal-based metakaolin, carbide slag, and potassium silicate activator. The optimal mix ratio was determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Unidirectional freezing tests evaluated the effects of solidification material content, curing period, and salt content on salt-frost heave development. Unconfined compressive strength tests assessed salt-frost heave durability of high-salinity solidified saline soils. Microstructural characteristics were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) to investigate resistance mechanisms. Results indicated that the industrial waste materials exhibited synergistic effects in an alkaline environment, with the optimal mix ratio of slag, fly ash, coal gangue, coal-based metakaolin, carbide slag, and potassium silicate at 21:25:33:8:7:6. Increasing solidified material content and curing time significantly enhanced salt-frost heave resistance, as evidenced by improved freezing temperature stability, deeper freezing front migration, and reduced salt-frost heave rate. The optimal group (35 % solidifier, 7 days curing) showed a 5.53 °C increase in stable freezing temperature, a 3.78 cm upward migration of the freezing front, and a 3.94 % reduction in salt-frost heave rate. Salt-frost heave durability of high-salinity soils improved post-solidification, with a gradual decrease in the degradation of unconfined compressive strength, achieving a minimum weakening of 21.13 %. Hydration products C-S-H, C-A<img>H, and AFt filled voids between soil particles, restricting water and salt migration. Hydration of industrial wastes reduced free water and <span><math><msubsup><mi>SO</mi><mi>4</mi><mi>2-</mi></msubsup></math></span> content, decreasing water-salt crystallization and mitigating salt-frost heave. The findings provide an engineering reference for in-situ treatment of salt-frost heaving in saline soils of water conveyance channels in the Hetao Irrigation District.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 104447"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sea ice variations in the Tatar Strait, Sea of Japan from 2003 to 2022","authors":"Qingkang Hou ,&nbsp;Yu Yan ,&nbsp;Yingjun Xu ,&nbsp;Yuqing Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Analyzing long-term sea ice variations in the Sea of Japan is crucial for regional climate change studies, preventing ice-related disasters, and ensuring maritime safety. However, long-term analyses of sea ice in the Tatar Strait remain limited. This study utilizes the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR-E/2) sea ice concentration data to derive sea ice metrics within the Tatar Strait, a pivotal freezing zone located in the Sea of Japan, spanning the period from 2003 to 2022. The double differencing method is initially applied to calibrate the AMSR-2 product, significantly reducing the errors. The calibrated sea ice dataset is then utilized to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics and analyze potential factors influencing sea ice variations. The results indicate that, between 2003 and 2022, the sea ice extent and annual average sea ice area in the Tatar Strait exhibited fluctuations without a significant downward trend. However, there was a noticeable decline in the annual maximum sea ice area (−1.02 % per year, <em>r</em> = −0.54, <em>p</em> = 0.02) and sea ice concentration (−0.38 % per year, <em>r</em> = −0.65, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). Sea ice conditions generally reach the severe freezing period in early January and last for nearly three months (87.58 ± 10.08 days). The sea ice in the Tatar Strait exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity, with concentrations decreasing from north to south. Most areas show a decreasing trend in sea ice concentration, especially in the northern region and the eastern zone of the central sea, while other regions experience a marginal insignificant increase. The maximum sea ice edge averages 561.34 ± 21.19 km, primarily extending south to around 48.8°N. The significant correlations between sea ice and both air temperature and cumulative freezing degree days suggest that local synoptic factors play a crucial role in influencing sea ice area variations. Furthermore, the correlations between sea ice extent and the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) index during JFM (<em>r</em> = 0.49, <em>p</em> = 0.04) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index in January (<em>r</em> = 0.51, <em>p</em> = 0.02) indicate that both the WPSH and PDO may play a significant role as large-scale climate factors influencing sea ice variability. These results provide crucial insights for sea ice disaster monitoring, risk management, and regional climate change studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 104450"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stochastic modeling of blowing snow: Analyzing risk and deposition time dynamics","authors":"Alex Fabricus ,&nbsp;Noriaki Ohara ,&nbsp;Kathy Ahlenius","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blowing snow poses significant safety risks on roadways due to reduced visibility and dangerous pavement conditions, leading to an increased likelihood of vehicular incidents. This study aims to estimate the probability of blowing snow accurately and reliably by accounting for the random effects of cohesion and sintering on snow particle interactions. The Monte Carlo simulation was performed using the critical wind speed formula by <span><span>He and Ohara (2017)</span></span> for snow incipient motion to stochastically predict the probability of blowing snow events. The temporal variability of wind speed was characterized using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) statistics based on the high-frequency wind data collected near Interstate 80 (I-80). The combined random variables of wind and critical wind speed (blowing snow index) can determine the probability of blowing snow occurrences over specific periods of time. The developed Stochastic Blowing Snow (SBS) model was calibrated and validated using the continuous snow flux measurements at seven ISAW monitoring sites in the Alps. The model showed promising results, effectively distinguishing between periods of high and low blowing snow risk in open terrain of Wyoming, USA, as well as in the Alps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 104446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement and estimation of temporal variations of roof snow load on semi-full-scale building model","authors":"Yoshihide Tominaga ,&nbsp;Kenji Igarashi ,&nbsp;Masaki Wakui ,&nbsp;Hiroki Motoyoshi ,&nbsp;Yoichi Ito","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extensive field measurement of roof snow accumulation on a semi-full-scale wooden building model was conducted to collect validation data for estimation models of roof snow loads. The model was placed at an observation site at the Snow and Ice Research Center at the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Nagaoka, Japan. The seasonal change in the roof snow weight was directly measured by load cells installed between the columns and beams. The water flow rate of the melting snow was recorded at the drainpipe. Detailed meteorological data, ground snow weights, and water discharge were also measured. The obtained results were used to examine the relationship between roof snow weight and various weather conditions. First, the optimum degree-day factor for the degree-day method was derived from the measured ground water discharge. This factor was used to estimate the ground snow weight, and the estimation results were shown to be accurate within 10 % of the peak values. Accuracy was improved by using two values for the degree-day factor, switched at the time of the peak snow weight. Next, the same method was applied to the estimation of the roof snow weight, and it was confirmed that this could also be estimated with an accuracy of about 10 % with respect to the peak value. It was shown that it is important to properly estimate the catch ratio of the precipitation received by the roof surface and the effect of the exposed side surface of the roof snow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 104445"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rain-on-snow roof surcharge load: A review of recent collapses, design standards, current research, and challenges","authors":"Diwas Bajracharya ,&nbsp;Qingwen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rain-on-snow (ROS) events can significantly increase roof snow loads in buildings, particularly as retained rainwater adds to the snowpack's weight. Recent roof damages from ROS load have been observed in both old and new structures, as climate changes exacerbate such events. Evaluating ROS load in existing snow load codes is crucial to determine whether they adequately address climate-driven impacts, including changing precipitation patterns and extreme weather events. This paper presents a systematic review of the ROS events, damage cases, current methods, and changing climate which shows that snowpack, its properties, and flow type are the key areas of focus. The review of ROS load standards exposed a reliance on historical data and snowpack characteristics, with limited consideration of climate change impacts on ROS surcharge loads. The bibliometric analysis of keywords revealed that environmental factors, snowpack properties, and climate change effects need to be considered for modeling ROS load. Among the available models, snowmelt and snowpack models are effective for long-term ROS simulations, particularly regarding snow depth, density, and pore distribution. In contrast, flow models can provide practical solutions for estimating ROS load while accounting for both uniform and non-uniform wetting front flow conditions in older snowpacks. The distinction between uniform wetting front flow and matrix-preferential flow is pivotal in determining the complexity of ROS load models, as these patterns significantly influence water retention in snow. As global warming can intensify ROS events, reassessment of ROS load standards with climate models is imperative to understand the future effects of climate non-stationarity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 104432"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143348092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating methods to estimate the water equivalent of new snow from daily snow depth recordings","authors":"Jan Magnusson ,&nbsp;Bertrand Cluzet ,&nbsp;Louis Quéno ,&nbsp;Rebecca Mott ,&nbsp;Moritz Oberrauch ,&nbsp;Giulia Mazzotti ,&nbsp;Christoph Marty ,&nbsp;Tobias Jonas","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The water equivalent of new snow (HNW) plays a crucial role in various fields, including hydrological modeling, avalanche forecasting, and assessing snow loads on structures. However, in contrast to snow depth (HS), obtaining HNW measurements is challenging as well as time-consuming and is hence rarely measured. Therefore, we assess the reliability of two semi-empirical methods, HS2SWE and ΔSNOW, for estimating HNW. These methods are designed to simulate continuous water equivalent of the snowpack (SWE) from daily HS only, with changes in SWE yielding daily HNW estimates. We compare both parametric methods against HNW predictions from a physics-based snow model (FSM2oshd) that integrates daily HS recordings using data assimilation. Our findings reveal that all methods exhibit similar performance, with relative biases of less than ∼3 % in replicating SWE observations commonly used for model evaluations. However, the ΔSNOW model tends to underestimate daily HNW by ∼17 %, whereas HS2SWE and FSM2oshd combined with a particle filter data assimilation scheme provide nearly unbiased estimates, with relative biases below ∼5 %. In contrast to the parsimonious parametric methods, we show that the physics-based approach can yield information about unobserved variables, such as total solid precipitation amounts, that may differ from HNW due to concurrent melt. Overall, our results underscore the potential of utilizing commonly available daily HS data in conjunction with appropriate modeling techniques to provide valuable insights into snow accumulation processes. Our study demonstrates that daily SWE observations or supplementary measurements like HNW are important for validating the day-to-day accuracy of simulations and should ideally already be incorporated during the calibration and development of models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 104435"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local scour around bridge abutments protected by angled spur dikes under ice-covered flow conditions","authors":"Rahim Jafari,&nbsp;Jueyi Sui","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scouring around bridge piers and abutments presents a critical threat to bridge stability, necessitating effective mitigation strategies. Based on laboratory experiments in a large-scale flume which is 2.0-m wide and 38.5-m long, this study investigates the impact of non-submerged spur dikes with varying alignment angles of 45°, 60°, and 90° under different ice cover conditions on reducing local scour around bridge abutments located downstream of spur dikes. Results of this study reveal that the spur dike with an alignment angle of 90° relative to the downstream direction positioned 25 cm upstream of the abutment can effectively prevent the local scour around bridge abutment by redirecting flow and reducing vortex-induced erosion. The maximum depth of scour holes around bridge abutments increases with the increase in flow Froude number, relative roughness of ice cover and the dike alignment angle. On the other hand, the maximum depth of the scour hole decreases with the increase in the particle size of the bed material and the effective length of the dike. An empirical formula has been developed to determine the maximum depth of scour holes around bridge abutments, which are protected by spur dikes located upstream of the abutments. Clearly, the effective mitigation of local scour around bridge abutments varied with flow condition, ice cover roughness, particle size of bed material, alignment angle and the distance from the abutment to the spur dike located upstream of the abutments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 104443"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on pull-out performance of stud connectors under low temperatures","authors":"Yulin Zhan ,&nbsp;Wenting Lyu ,&nbsp;Wenfeng Huang ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Li ,&nbsp;Jikun Wang ,&nbsp;Junhu Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To promote the safe and widespread application of steel-concrete composite structures in cold and high-altitude regions, and to solve the problem of unclear tensile pull-out performance of stud connectors in steel-concrete composite structures under low-temperature conditions, an investigation was conducted in which 54 material tests were performed at both normal and low temperatures on high-performance concrete (HPC) and ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), demonstrating the change rules of their basic mechanical properties. Subsequently, a loading and insulation fixture designed for stud pull-out assessments under low-temperature conditions was independently employed, and low-temperature pull-out tests were executed on 8 sets of stud specimens. The study investigated the effects of different temperatures (20 °C, −20 °C, −40 °C, −60 °C), effective embedment depths of studs (40 mm, 60 mm, 80 mm), and concrete types (HPC, UHPC) on the failure modes and pull-out capacity of stud shear connectors. Based on the experimental results, the enhancement mechanism of stud connectors in low-temperature environments was analyzed, and a modified formula for the pull-out capacity of stud connectors under low-temperature conditions was proposed. The tests revealed that the compressive and tensile strengths of both HPC and UHPC were improved with the decreasing temperature, with HPC demonstrating a greater enhancement. Within the temperature range from −60 °C to +20 °C, two types of failure modes were observed in stud pull-out specimens: concrete failure (characterized by splitting failure, cone failure, or a combined failure) and stud failure. The cone failure angles for HPC and UHPC were in the ranges of 30–35°and 22–30°, respectively. Notably, as temperature decreased and embedment depth of studs increased, the failure mode of the stud connectors transitioned from concrete failure to stud failure, accompanied by concurrent increase in tensile capacity and peak displacement of the connectors. Based on the modified formula for the ultimate tensile capacity in low-temperature conditions derived from the Visual Assessment Criteria (VAC) model, the standard deviation between calculated values and experimental observations was 0.15, indicating a favorable prediction efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 104433"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143302897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}