Thermodynamics of the Primordial Universe.

IF 2.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Entropy Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI:10.3390/e26110947
David Silva Pereira, João Ferraz, Francisco S N Lobo, José Pedro Mimoso
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Abstract

This review delves into the pivotal primordial stage of the universe, a period that holds the key to understanding its current state. To fully grasp this epoch, it is essential to consider three fundamental domains of physics: gravity, particle physics, and thermodynamics. The thermal history of the universe recreates the extreme high-energy conditions that are critical for exploring the unification of the fundamental forces, making it a natural laboratory for high-energy physics. This thermal history also offers valuable insights into how the laws of thermodynamics have governed the evolution of the universe's constituents, shaping them into the forms we observe today. Focusing on the Standard Cosmological Model (SCM) and the Standard Model of Particles (SM), this paper provides an in-depth analysis of thermodynamics in the primordial universe. The structure of the study includes an introduction to the SCM and its strong ties to thermodynamic principles. It then explores equilibrium thermodynamics in the context of the expanding universe, followed by a detailed analysis of out-of-equilibrium phenomena that were pivotal in shaping key events during the early stages of the universe's evolution.

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原始宇宙的热力学。
这篇评论深入探讨了宇宙的关键原始阶段,这是了解宇宙现状的关键时期。要全面把握这一阶段,必须考虑物理学的三个基本领域:引力、粒子物理学和热力学。宇宙的热历史再现了对探索基本力统一至关重要的极端高能条件,使其成为高能物理的天然实验室。这种热历史还提供了宝贵的见解,让我们了解热力学定律是如何支配宇宙成分的演化,并将它们塑造成我们今天所观察到的形式的。本文以标准宇宙学模型(SCM)和标准粒子模型(SM)为重点,深入分析了原始宇宙的热力学。研究的结构包括介绍标准宇宙学模型及其与热力学原理的紧密联系。然后探讨了膨胀宇宙背景下的平衡热力学,接着详细分析了在宇宙演化早期阶段影响关键事件的失衡现象。
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来源期刊
Entropy
Entropy PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
4.90
自引率
11.10%
发文量
1580
审稿时长
21.05 days
期刊介绍: Entropy (ISSN 1099-4300), an international and interdisciplinary journal of entropy and information studies, publishes reviews, regular research papers and short notes. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish as much as possible their theoretical and experimental details. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. If there are computation and the experiment, the details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced.
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