{"title":"Innovative strategies for overcoming blood-brain barrier challenges in Alzheimer’s disease: A focus on green-synthesized metallic nanoparticles","authors":"Kushagra Nagori , Kartik T. Nakhate , Krishna Yadav , Amrita Thakur , Ajazuddin , Madhulika Pradhan","doi":"10.1016/j.inoche.2024.113604","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by cognitive decline, memory loss, and behavioral instability. As the global population ages, the prevalence of AD is projected to triple by 2050, highlighting the urgent requirement for effective therapeutics. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) presents a significant challenge in the treatment of AD, as it restricts the delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain.</div><div>Advancements in nanotechnology present promising solutions to these challenges. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been precisely engineered to enhance the delivery of brain-targeted drugs, improving efficacy, safety, stability, and bioavailability. MNPs such as gold, selenium, and ruthenium, with their high surface area-to-volume ratio and multivalency, can cross the BBB, transport therapeutic agents straight to the brain, and reduce oxidative stress, which is critical in AD progression. However, conventional MNP synthesis methods are costly and use toxic chemicals, limiting their application. In contrast, green synthesis with plant extracts provides an eco-friendly and biocompatible alternative. Green-synthesized MNPs, like zinc oxide, silver, and gold, offer the same benefits as traditional MNPs but with improved safety and reduced environmental impact, making them promising for crossing the BBB and enhancing AD treatment.</div><div>This review explores the challenges of conventional drug delivery methods for brain-targeted therapies, emphasizing the use of MNPs to overcome these barriers. Unlike prior research, which has primarily focused on chemically synthesized MNPs, this review highlights the innovative use of plant-based MNPs as a more sustainable and biocompatible option for AD treatment. By examining recent developments, it investigates the potential of green-synthesized MNPs to effectively cross the BBB, offering a more eco-friendly and efficient approach to AD therapy. The review also discusses toxicity and safety issues, providing a thorough evaluation of the emerging role of green-synthesized MNPs in brain-targeted drug delivery, a field that remains relatively underexplored in recent studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13609,"journal":{"name":"Inorganic Chemistry Communications","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 113604"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Inorganic Chemistry Communications","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1387700324015946","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by cognitive decline, memory loss, and behavioral instability. As the global population ages, the prevalence of AD is projected to triple by 2050, highlighting the urgent requirement for effective therapeutics. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) presents a significant challenge in the treatment of AD, as it restricts the delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain.
Advancements in nanotechnology present promising solutions to these challenges. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been precisely engineered to enhance the delivery of brain-targeted drugs, improving efficacy, safety, stability, and bioavailability. MNPs such as gold, selenium, and ruthenium, with their high surface area-to-volume ratio and multivalency, can cross the BBB, transport therapeutic agents straight to the brain, and reduce oxidative stress, which is critical in AD progression. However, conventional MNP synthesis methods are costly and use toxic chemicals, limiting their application. In contrast, green synthesis with plant extracts provides an eco-friendly and biocompatible alternative. Green-synthesized MNPs, like zinc oxide, silver, and gold, offer the same benefits as traditional MNPs but with improved safety and reduced environmental impact, making them promising for crossing the BBB and enhancing AD treatment.
This review explores the challenges of conventional drug delivery methods for brain-targeted therapies, emphasizing the use of MNPs to overcome these barriers. Unlike prior research, which has primarily focused on chemically synthesized MNPs, this review highlights the innovative use of plant-based MNPs as a more sustainable and biocompatible option for AD treatment. By examining recent developments, it investigates the potential of green-synthesized MNPs to effectively cross the BBB, offering a more eco-friendly and efficient approach to AD therapy. The review also discusses toxicity and safety issues, providing a thorough evaluation of the emerging role of green-synthesized MNPs in brain-targeted drug delivery, a field that remains relatively underexplored in recent studies.
期刊介绍：
Launched in January 1998, Inorganic Chemistry Communications is an international journal dedicated to the rapid publication of short communications in the major areas of inorganic, organometallic and supramolecular chemistry. Topics include synthetic and reaction chemistry, kinetics and mechanisms of reactions, bioinorganic chemistry, photochemistry and the use of metal and organometallic compounds in stoichiometric and catalytic synthesis or organic compounds.
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