{"title":"Evaluation of meteorological drought indices using remote sensing","authors":"Mojgan Ahmadi , Hadi Ramezani Etedali , Abbass Kaviani , Alireza Tavakoli","doi":"10.1016/j.jastp.2024.106387","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drought indices are a suitable tool for management measures and dealing with drought and are widely used worldwide. One of the most important stages of assessing the drought situation in each region is determining the drought indices to analyze the intensity and duration of drought in that region. The drought index is actually a function of various environmental factors that affect the drought phenomenon. In this study, the drought indices of the standardized precipitation index (SPI), China-Z index (CZI), Z Score Index (ZSI), and modified CZI (MCZI) in different month time scales (1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 48) and the present of normal index (PNI) in different monthly, seasonally and yearly time scales in Kurdistan Province (stations Saqqez, Qorveh, Bijar, Sanandaj) were evaluated. Global land data assimilation system (GLDAS), Climatic Research Unit (CRU) dataset, and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation data (2000-2020) and TRMM precipitation (2000-2019) were received, and the drought indices were calculated. Root mean square error (RMSE), maximum error (ME), Pearson, and Spearman correlation coefficients were used for evaluation. The results of the SPI index showed that there is a significant relationship between TRMM, CRU, and GLDAS at the Saqqez, Qorveh, and Sanandaj stations (at the 5% level), and there was no significant relationship for TRMM at Bijar station for the 24-month time scale. The correlation coefficient results for the Saqqez and Sanandaj stations in time scales of 1 to 9 months for the SPI, CZI, ZSI, and MCZI indices were better than those of the Bijar and Qorveh stations. In assessing the SPI and CZI drought indices, the highest RMSE was for GLDAS at Bijar station and for the 48-month time scale. In general, the results showed that the drought indices of the SPI, CZI, ZSI, MCZI, and PNI obtained from the TRMM satellite, CRU dataset, and GLDAS model have a good correlation with the drought indices of synoptic stations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 106387"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364682624002153","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Drought indices are a suitable tool for management measures and dealing with drought and are widely used worldwide. One of the most important stages of assessing the drought situation in each region is determining the drought indices to analyze the intensity and duration of drought in that region. The drought index is actually a function of various environmental factors that affect the drought phenomenon. In this study, the drought indices of the standardized precipitation index (SPI), China-Z index (CZI), Z Score Index (ZSI), and modified CZI (MCZI) in different month time scales (1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 48) and the present of normal index (PNI) in different monthly, seasonally and yearly time scales in Kurdistan Province (stations Saqqez, Qorveh, Bijar, Sanandaj) were evaluated. Global land data assimilation system (GLDAS), Climatic Research Unit (CRU) dataset, and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation data (2000-2020) and TRMM precipitation (2000-2019) were received, and the drought indices were calculated. Root mean square error (RMSE), maximum error (ME), Pearson, and Spearman correlation coefficients were used for evaluation. The results of the SPI index showed that there is a significant relationship between TRMM, CRU, and GLDAS at the Saqqez, Qorveh, and Sanandaj stations (at the 5% level), and there was no significant relationship for TRMM at Bijar station for the 24-month time scale. The correlation coefficient results for the Saqqez and Sanandaj stations in time scales of 1 to 9 months for the SPI, CZI, ZSI, and MCZI indices were better than those of the Bijar and Qorveh stations. In assessing the SPI and CZI drought indices, the highest RMSE was for GLDAS at Bijar station and for the 48-month time scale. In general, the results showed that the drought indices of the SPI, CZI, ZSI, MCZI, and PNI obtained from the TRMM satellite, CRU dataset, and GLDAS model have a good correlation with the drought indices of synoptic stations.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (JASTP) is an international journal concerned with the inter-disciplinary science of the Earth''s atmospheric and space environment, especially the highly varied and highly variable physical phenomena that occur in this natural laboratory and the processes that couple them.
The journal covers the physical processes operating in the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere, the Sun, interplanetary medium, and heliosphere. Phenomena occurring in other "spheres", solar influences on climate, and supporting laboratory measurements are also considered. The journal deals especially with the coupling between the different regions.
Solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and other energetic events on the Sun create interesting and important perturbations in the near-Earth space environment. The physics of such "space weather" is central to the Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics and the journal welcomes papers that lead in the direction of a predictive understanding of the coupled system. Regarding the upper atmosphere, the subjects of aeronomy, geomagnetism and geoelectricity, auroral phenomena, radio wave propagation, and plasma instabilities, are examples within the broad field of solar-terrestrial physics which emphasise the energy exchange between the solar wind, the magnetospheric and ionospheric plasmas, and the neutral gas. In the lower atmosphere, topics covered range from mesoscale to global scale dynamics, to atmospheric electricity, lightning and its effects, and to anthropogenic changes.
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