Carbon dots-based hybrid materials: synthesis, properties and applications in environmental pollution control

Abstract

Carbon dots (CDs) are an emerging class of nanomaterials known for their unique optical properties, biocompatibility and environmental friendliness. They have gained significant attention in various fields, particularly in environmental pollution control. To enhance the performance of CDs, researchers have developed multicomponent hybrid materials by combining CDs with other functional materials with unique characteristics, such as excellent optical properties, high surface areas, good biocompatibility and tunability, making them versatile candidates for various environmental applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the design and synthesis approach, characteristics and advantages, emphasizing their multifunctionality, efficient adsorption capacity, photocatalytic activity, and environmental friendliness. Furthermore, their applications in environmental pollution control, including pollutant detection, adsorption, degradation, mineralization, seawater desalination and antimicrobial treatment, were explored in detail. This review emphasizes the promising potential of CDs-based hybrid materials as innovative solutions for mitigating environmental pollution and calls for further research to optimize their synthesis methods and broaden their practical applications.