Fate of wastewater trace organic chemicals in vegetated biofiltration systems

IF 12.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Water Research Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-10 DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2024.122953

Kefeng Zhang , Lihao Yuan , Ana Deletic , Veljko Prodanovic

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Abstract

Vegetated biofiltration system (VBS) is an effective green technology for urban stormwater and greywater treatment. However, VBS is yet to be optimised for effective treatment of wastewater, particularly if it contains trace organic chemicals (TrOCs). The effect of plant species has not been addressed under TrOC wastewater loading. This study tested and evaluated the effectiveness of VBS over a one-year period in removing six TrOCs commonly found in wastewater, namely Caffeine (CAF), Paracetamol (PCM), Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), N diethyl‑meta-toluamide (DEET), Bisphenol A (BPA) and Ibuprofen (IBU). Eleven VBS configurations were tested in a year-long laboratory column study to explore the role of seven different plant species (with differing characteristic), varied soil media depths, and soil characteristics, on the fate of TrOCs in the systems. The effect of different operational conditions (e.g., dosing volume and regime) on removal efficiency was investigated. The results indicated VBS was able to maintain a high removal rate (>95 %) of CAF, BPA, and IBU throughout the experiment, followed by PCM (>79 %), SMX (50 %-80 %), and DEET (<12 %). Plant species significantly impacted the removal of SMX and DEET (p < 0.05), with C. indica as the best performer. Reducing hydraulic loading rate and decreasing daily dosing volume and frequency contributed positively to the PCM, SMX, and DEET removal rates. Noticeable accumulations of SMX, DEET, and BPA (8.2, 43.1, and 54.5 ng·g-1, respectively) were detected in the filter media, particularly within the saturated zone. Higher chemical concentrations (i.e., CAF and DEET) were found in plant root tissue than in plant shoot tissue. This study offers valuable insights into VBS's design and operational aspects for removing TrOCs.

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废水中微量有机化学物质在植物生物过滤系统中的归宿

植物生物过滤系统（VBS）是一种有效的城市雨水和中水处理绿色技术。然而，VBS尚未被优化为有效处理废水，特别是如果它含有微量有机化学物质（troc）。植物种类对TrOC废水负荷的影响尚未得到解决。本研究在一年的时间里测试并评估了VBS去除废水中常见的六种TrOCs的有效性，即咖啡因（CAF），扑热息痛（PCM），磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）， N二乙基-间甲苯酰胺（DEET），双酚a （BPA）和布洛芬（IBU）。在为期一年的实验室柱状研究中，研究人员测试了11种VBS配置，以探索7种不同的植物物种（具有不同的特征）、不同的土壤介质深度和土壤特征对系统中troc命运的作用。考察了不同操作条件（如投加量和投加方式）对去除率的影响。结果表明，在整个实验过程中，VBS能够保持对CAF、BPA和IBU的高去除率（95%），其次是PCM（79%）、SMX（50%-80%）和避蚊胺（12%）。不同植物对SMX和避蚊胺的去除率有显著影响（p < 0.05），其中籼稻的去除率最高。降低水力加载率、减少日投加量和频率对PCM、SMX和DEET的去除率有积极作用。在过滤介质中，特别是在饱和区，检测到SMX、避蚊胺和BPA的显著积累（分别为8.2、43.1和54.5 ng·g-1）。植物根组织中的化学物质浓度（即CAF和DEET）高于茎部组织。这项研究为VBS的设计和操作方面提供了有价值的见解。

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来源期刊

Water Research 环境科学-工程：环境

CiteScore

20.80

自引率

9.40%

发文量

1307

审稿时长

38 days

期刊介绍： Water Research, along with its open access companion journal Water Research X, serves as a platform for publishing original research papers covering various aspects of the science and technology related to the anthropogenic water cycle, water quality, and its management worldwide. The audience targeted by the journal comprises biologists, chemical engineers, chemists, civil engineers, environmental engineers, limnologists, and microbiologists. The scope of the journal include: •Treatment processes for water and wastewaters (municipal, agricultural, industrial, and on-site treatment), including resource recovery and residuals management; •Urban hydrology including sewer systems, stormwater management, and green infrastructure; •Drinking water treatment and distribution; •Potable and non-potable water reuse; •Sanitation, public health, and risk assessment; •Anaerobic digestion, solid and hazardous waste management, including source characterization and the effects and control of leachates and gaseous emissions; •Contaminants (chemical, microbial, anthropogenic particles such as nanoparticles or microplastics) and related water quality sensing, monitoring, fate, and assessment; •Anthropogenic impacts on inland, tidal, coastal and urban waters, focusing on surface and ground waters, and point and non-point sources of pollution; •Environmental restoration, linked to surface water, groundwater and groundwater remediation; •Analysis of the interfaces between sediments and water, and between water and atmosphere, focusing specifically on anthropogenic impacts; •Mathematical modelling, systems analysis, machine learning, and beneficial use of big data related to the anthropogenic water cycle; •Socio-economic, policy, and regulations studies.