Water Research最新文献

Suspended particulate matter-biofilm aggregates benefit microcystin removal in turbulent water but trigger toxicity toward Daphnia magna 悬浮颗粒物-生物膜聚集体有利于去除湍流水中的微囊藻毒素，但会引发对大型蚤的毒性

IF 12.8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research

Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122150

Bingran Tang, Wei Hung, Muhammad Salam, Lixue Zhang, Yongchuan Yang, Junfeng Niu, Hong Li, Lilan Zhang

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and biofilm are critical in removing contaminants in aquatic environments, but the environmental behavior and ecological toxicity of SPM-biofilm aggregates modulated by turbulence intensities are largely unknown. This study determined the removal pathways of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) by SPM and its biofilm under different turbulence intensities (2.25 × 10, 1.01 × 10, and 1.80 × 10 m/s). Then, we evaluated the toxicity of SPM-biofilm aggregates to . The results revealed that SPM contributed to the adsorption of MC-LR, and the removal of MC-LR can be accelerated with biofilm formation on SPM, with 95.66 % to 97.45 % reduction in MC-LR concentration under the studied turbulence intensities. Higher turbulence intensity triggered more frequent contact of SPM and MC-LR, formed compact but smaller clusters of SPM-biofilm aggregates, and enhanced the abundance of and ; thus benefiting the adsorption, biosorption, and biodegradation of MC-LR. Furthermore, the SPM-biofilm aggregates formed in turbulent water triggered oxidative stress to , while a weak lethal toxic effect was identified under moderate turbulence intensity. The results indicate that the toxicity of SPM-biofilm aggregates fail to display a linear relationship with turbulence intensity. These findings offer new perspectives on understanding the environmental behavior and ecological outcomes of SPM and its biofilms in turbulent aquatic environments.

悬浮颗粒物（SPM）和生物膜对清除水生环境中的污染物至关重要，但SPM-生物膜聚集体的环境行为和生态毒性受湍流强度的影响还很不清楚。本研究确定了 SPM 及其生物膜在不同湍流强度（2.25 × 10、1.01 × 10 和 1.80 × 10 m/s）下去除微囊藻毒素-LR（MC-LR）的途径。然后，我们评估了 SPM-生物膜聚集体对 MC-LR 的毒性。结果表明，SPM 有助于吸附 MC-LR，而且随着 SPM 上生物膜的形成，MC-LR 的去除速度会加快，在所研究的湍流强度下，MC-LR 浓度降低了 95.66% 至 97.45%。湍流强度越高，SPM 与 MC-LR 的接触就越频繁，形成的 SPM 生物膜聚集体就越紧凑、越小，并且和的丰度也越高，从而有利于 MC-LR 的吸附、生物吸附和生物降解。此外，在湍流水体中形成的 SPM 生物膜聚集体会引发氧化应激，对Ⅴ类水体产生毒性，而在中等湍流强度下会产生微弱的致死毒性。结果表明，SPM-生物膜聚集体的毒性与湍流强度不呈线性关系。这些发现为理解湍流水环境中 SPM 及其生物膜的环境行为和生态结果提供了新的视角。

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引用次数: 0

Transformation of sedimentary dissolved organic matter in electrokinetic remediation catalogued by FT-ICR mass spectrometry. 利用 FT-ICR 质谱法记录电动力修复过程中沉积溶解有机物的转化。

IF 11.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research

Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122094

Tahir Maqbool, Huan Chen, Qingshi Wang, Amy M McKenna, Daqian Jiang

In electrokinetic remediation (EKR), the sedimentary dissolved organic matter (DOM) could impede remediation by scavenging reactive species and generating unintended byproducts. Yet its transformation and mechanisms remained largely unknown. This study conducted molecular-level characterization of the water-extractable DOM (WEOM) in EKR using negative-ion electrospray ionization coupled to 21 tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (21 T FT-ICR MS). The results suggested that ∼55 % of the ∼7,000 WEOM compounds identified were reactive, and EKR lowered their diversity, molecular weight distribution, and double-bond equivalent (DBE) through a combination of electrochemical and microbial redox reactions. Heteroatom-containing WEOM (CHON and CHOS) were abundant (∼ 35% of the total WEOM), with CHOS generally being more reactive than CHON. Low electric potential (1 V/cm) promoted the growth of dealkylation and desulfurization bacteria, and led to anodic CO₂ mineralization, anodic cleavage of -SO and -SO₃, and cathodic cleavage of -SH₂; high electric potential (2 V/cm) only enriched desulfurization bacteria, and differently, led to anodic oxygenation and cathodic hydrogenation of unsaturated and phenolic compounds, in addition to cathodic cleavage of -SH₂. The long-term impact of these changes on soil quality and nitrogen-sulfur-carbon flux may be need to studied to identify unknown risks and new applications of EKR.

在电动力修复（EKR）过程中，沉积溶解有机物（DOM）可能会清除活性物种并产生意外的副产品，从而阻碍修复工作。然而，它的转化和机理在很大程度上仍不为人所知。本研究采用负离子电喷雾离子化和 21 特斯拉傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱法（21 T FT-ICR MS），对 EKR 中的水提取 DOM（WEOM）进行了分子水平的表征。结果表明，在鉴定出的 7,000 ∼ WEOM 化合物中，有 55% 的化合物具有活性，EKR 通过电化学和微生物氧化还原反应降低了这些化合物的多样性、分子量分布和双键当量 (DBE)。含杂质原子的 WEOM（CHON 和 CHOS）非常多（占 WEOM 总量的 35%），CHOS 的反应性通常高于 CHON。低电位（1 V/cm）促进了脱烷基和脱硫细菌的生长，并导致了阳极 CO2 矿化、-SO 和-SO3 的阳极裂解以及-SH2 的阴极裂解；高电位（2 V/cm）仅富集了脱硫细菌，不同的是，除了-SH2 的阴极裂解外，还导致了不饱和化合物和酚类化合物的阳极氧化和阴极氢化。需要研究这些变化对土壤质量和氮硫碳通量的长期影响，以确定 EKR 的未知风险和新应用。

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引用次数: 0

Advanced electrochemical membrane technologies for near-complete resource recovery and zero-discharge of urine: Performance optimization and evaluation 用于近乎完全资源回收和尿液零排放的先进电化学膜技术：性能优化和评估

IF 12.8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research

Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122175

Hao-Ran Yang, Yuan Liu, Shu-Jie Hu, Meng-Yue Zhang, Di Wu, Lei Zheng, Lin-Jiang Zhong, Chuan Wang, Hong Liu

The depletion of nutrient sources in fertilizers demands a paradigm shift in the treatment of nutrient-rich wastewater, such as urine, to enable efficient resource recovery and high-value conversion. This study presented an integrated bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) and hollow fiber membrane (HFM) system for near-complete resource recovery and zero-discharge from urine treatment. Computational simulations and experimental validations demonstrated that a higher voltage (20 V) significantly enhanced energy utilization, while an optimal flow rate of 0.4 L/min effectively mitigated the negative effects of concentration polarization and electro-osmosis on system performance. Within 40 min, the process separated 90.13% of the salts in urine, with an energy consumption of only 8.45 kWh/kg. Utilizing a multi-chamber structure for selective separation, the system achieved recovery efficiencies of 89% for nitrogen, 96% for phosphorus, and 95% for potassium from fresh urine, converting them into high-value products such as 85 mM acid, 69.5 mM base, and liquid fertilizer. According to techno-economic analysis, the cost of treating urine using this system at the lab-scale was $6.29/kg of products (including acid, base, and (NH)SO), which was significantly lower than the $20.44/kg cost for the precipitation method to produce struvite. Excluding fixed costs, a net profit of $18.24/m was achieved through the recovery of valuable products from urine using this system. The pilot-scale assessment showed that the net benefit amounts to $19.90/m of urine, demonstrating significant economic feasibility. This study presents an effective approach for the near-complete resource recovery and zero-discharge treatment of urine, offering a practical solution for sustainable nutrient recycling and wastewater management.

肥料中营养源的枯竭要求富营养废水（如尿液）的处理模式发生转变，以实现高效的资源回收和高价值转化。本研究介绍了一种集成双极膜电渗析（BMED）和中空纤维膜（HFM）系统，用于近乎完全的资源回收和尿液零排放处理。计算模拟和实验验证表明，较高的电压（20 V）可显著提高能量利用率，而 0.4 升/分钟的最佳流速可有效减轻浓度极化和电渗对系统性能的负面影响。在 40 分钟内，该工艺分离了尿液中 90.13% 的盐分，能耗仅为 8.45 千瓦时/千克。利用多室结构进行选择性分离，该系统从新鲜尿液中实现了 89% 的氮回收率、96% 的磷回收率和 95% 的钾回收率，并将其转化为 85 mM 酸、69.5 mM 碱和液体肥料等高价值产品。根据技术经济分析，在实验室规模上使用该系统处理尿液的成本为 6.29 美元/千克产品（包括酸、碱和 (NH)SO），大大低于沉淀法生产结石的 20.44 美元/千克成本。除去固定成本，利用该系统从尿液中回收有价值产品的净利润为 18.24 美元/米。中试规模的评估显示，净收益为 19.90 美元/米尿液，证明了显著的经济可行性。这项研究提出了一种近乎完全的资源回收和尿液零排放处理的有效方法，为可持续的营养回收和废水管理提供了一个实用的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to "Advancing deep learning-based acoustic leak detection methods towards application for water distribution systems from a data-centric perspective" [Water Research 261(2024) 121999]. 对 "从以数据为中心的角度推进基于深度学习的声学泄漏检测方法在输水系统中的应用"[《水研究》261（2024）121999]的更正。

IF 11.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research

Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122080

Yipeng Wu, Xingke Ma, Guancheng Guo, Tianlong Jia, Yujun Huang, Shuming Liu, Jingjing Fan, Xue Wu

引用次数: 0

Exploring the influence of aquatic phosphate on Fe floc dynamics in water treatment 探索水生磷酸盐对水处理中铁絮体动力学的影响

IF 12.8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research

Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122146

Lei Xu, Zixiang Zhang, Nigel J.D. Graham, Wenzheng Yu

The formation of flocs is crucial in the coagulation process of water treatment. However, the nature of ligand exchange on the surface of primary nanoparticles (PNPs) during floc formation requires further investigation to enhance our understanding of the coagulation mechanism. Phosphate (P) is a ubiquitous nutrient ion in aquatic surface water, in this study, the impact of P on floc growth under different pH conditions were investigated. The results revealed that floc growth patterns depended on both P dosage and pH. The mode of ligand exchange between P and in-situ formed ferric hydroxide within a pH range of 5 to 10 was further explored, and remarkable disparities in pH changes induced by P addition were observed. At lower pH levels, OH release occurred relatively slowly, stabilizing with continued P addition. At neutral pH, OH release was comparatively higher with P addition, while under alkaline conditions, both the quantity of OH and its release rate decreased. It was deduced that Fe–OH sites function as "active sites," while Fe–OH sites act as "inert sites" on the surface of PNPs formed during flocculation. These sites are crucial in the interconnections between flocs formed during coagulation and in floc growth. Analyses of Fe PNPs by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), with and without P addition, revealed that the introduction of P inhibits or interferes with the self-crystallization of Fe PNPs through chemical coordination reactions. The results offer deeper insights into the coagulation mechanism and the transformation of Fe flocs in raw waters containing P during water treatment practices.

絮凝体的形成在水处理的混凝过程中至关重要。然而，在絮凝体形成过程中，原生纳米粒子（PNPs）表面配体交换的性质需要进一步研究，以加深我们对混凝机理的理解。磷酸盐（P）是水生地表水中无处不在的营养离子，本研究考察了不同 pH 值条件下磷酸盐对絮体生长的影响。结果表明，絮体的生长模式取决于磷的用量和 pH 值。研究还进一步探讨了 P 与原位形成的氢氧化铁在 pH 值 5 至 10 范围内的配体交换模式，并观察到添加 P 引起的 pH 值变化存在显著差异。在较低的 pH 值水平下，羟基释放相对缓慢，并随着 P 的持续添加而趋于稳定。在中性 pH 条件下，随着 P 的添加，OH 的释放量相对较高，而在碱性条件下，OH 的释放量和释放速率都有所下降。由此推断，在絮凝过程中形成的 PNPs 表面，Fe-OH 位点起着 "活性位点 "的作用，而 Fe-OH 位点则起着 "惰性位点 "的作用。这些位点对混凝过程中形成的絮团之间的相互连接以及絮团的生长至关重要。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对添加和未添加 P 的铁 PNPs 进行分析，发现 P 的引入会通过化学配位反应抑制或干扰铁 PNPs 的自结晶。这些结果有助于深入了解水处理过程中含磷原水的混凝机制和铁絮凝体的转化过程。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-objective double layer water optimal allocation and scheduling framework combing the integrated surface water – groundwater model 结合地表水-地下水综合模型的多目标双层水优化分配与调度框架

IF 12.8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research

Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122141

Zhehao Li, Yimin Wang, Jianxia Chang, Aijun Guo, Lu Wang, Chen Niu, Ruiyuan Hu, Bing He

Balancing the water consumption of agricultural and ecological is the key point of sustainable social and economic development in an inland river basin. The growth of desert riparian forests in inland river basins mainly depends on a certain phreatic water table depth (). The main object of this study was to allocate and schedule water resources to regulate the and satisfy agricultural water demand. Therefore, a multi-objective double layer optimal allocation and scheduling framework based on the computationally efficient integrated surface water-groundwater model (), which can simulate the surface water processes, groundwater recharge and discharge processes, and changes, was constructed and applied to the mainstream of Tarim River Basin (TRB). The top layer model of the framework is an optimal ecological water allocation model, and its optimal allocation results are used as the initial solution of the bottom layer model. The results show that under 5 different inflow frequencies, the agricultural water shortage rate is 0, 17.38%, 17.41%, 14.06%, and 19.94%, respectively. The regulation has a great performance. After the optimal scheduling, the proportions of good growth of the control area behind the gate under different inflow frequencies were 98.18%, 98.18%, 98.18%, 90.91%, and 94.55%. Agricultural water shortage is mainly due to the non-uniformity distribution of intra-annual inflow and the lack of controlling hydraulic engineering. The regulation of can guarantee the growth of desert riparian forests on both sides of the mainstream of TRB. Besides, we explored the feasibility of exploiting groundwater to supplement agricultural water consumption. The groundwater exploitation should be controlled within the scope of not causing excessive increase of (difference between and target depth <1m), due to the groundwater exploitation to supplement agricultural water will lead to the increase of . Overall, this framework, which regulates the with the change of ecological water supply based on the , provides a new idea for the allocation and scheduling of agricultural and ecological water resources in arid inland river basins. It also provides a new method for the coupled cooperative operation of surface water and groundwater.

平衡农业用水和生态用水是内陆河流域社会经济可持续发展的关键。内陆河流域荒漠河岸林的生长主要取决于一定的地下水位深度（）。本研究的主要目标是分配和调度水资源，以调节和满足农业用水需求。因此，构建了基于计算高效的地表水-地下水综合模型（）的多目标双层优化分配和调度框架，该框架可模拟地表水过程、地下水补给和排放过程及其变化，并将其应用于塔里木河流域（TRB）的主流。该框架的顶层模型为最优生态水分配模型，其最优分配结果作为底层模型的初始解。结果表明，在 5 种不同的入流频率下，农业缺水率分别为 0、17.38%、17.41%、14.06% 和 19.94%。调节效果很好。优化调度后，不同流入频率下闸后控制区长势良好的比例分别为 98.18%、98.18%、98.18%、90.91% 和 94.55%。农业缺水的主要原因是年内涵水量分布不均匀和缺乏控制性水利工程。通过调节，可以保证 TRB 主流两侧荒漠河岸林的生长。此外，我们还探讨了利用地下水补充农业用水的可行性。由于开采地下水补充农业用水会导致Ⅴ类水量的增加，因此地下水开采应控制在不造成Ⅴ类水量过度增加（与目标水深之差小于 1m）的范围内。总体而言，该框架以Ⅴ类水量为基础，随着生态供水量的变化对Ⅴ类水量进行调控，为干旱内陆河流域农业和生态水资源的配置和调度提供了新思路。它还为地表水和地下水的耦合协同运行提供了一种新方法。

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引用次数: 0

Glyphosate contamination in European rivers not from herbicide application? 欧洲河流中的草甘膦污染并非来自除草剂的施用？

IF 12.8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research

Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122140

M. Schwientek, H. Rügner, S.B. Haderlein, W. Schulz, B. Wimmer, L. Engelbart, S. Bieger, C. Huhn

The most widely used herbicide glyphosate contaminates surface waters around the globe. Both agriculture and urban applications are discussed as sources for glyphosate. To better delineate these sources, we investigated long-term time series of concentrations of glyphosate and its main transformation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in a large meta-analysis of about 100 sites in the USA and Europe. The U.S. data reveal pulses of glyphosate and AMPA when the discharge of the river is high, likely indicating mobilization by rain after herbicide application. In contrast, European concentration patterns of glyphosate and AMPA show a typical cyclic-seasonal component in their concentration patterns, correlating with patterns of wastewater markers such as pharmaceuticals, which is consistent with the frequent detection of these compounds in wastewater treatment plants. Our large meta-analysis clearly shows that for more than a decade, municipal wastewater was a very important source of glyphosate. In addition, European river water data show rather high and constant base mass fluxes of glyphosate all over the year, not expected from herbicide application. From our meta-analysis, we define criteria for a source of glyphosate, which was hidden so far. AMPA is known to be a transformation product not only of glyphosate but also of aminopolyphosphonates used as antiscalants in many applications. As they are used in laundry detergents in Europe but not in the USA, we hypothesize that glyphosate may also be a transformation product of aminopolyphosphonates.

最广泛使用的除草剂草甘膦污染了全球各地的地表水。农业和城市应用都被认为是草甘膦的来源。为了更好地界定这些来源，我们对美国和欧洲约 100 个地点的草甘膦及其主要转化产物氨甲基膦酸（AMPA）浓度的长期时间序列进行了大型荟萃分析。美国的数据显示，当河流的排水量较大时，草甘膦和 AMPA 的浓度会出现脉冲式上升，这可能表明在施用除草剂后，雨水会对草甘膦和 AMPA 产生迁移作用。与此相反，欧洲草甘膦和 AMPA 的浓度模式显示出典型的周期性季节成分，与制药等废水标记物的模式相关，这与废水处理厂经常检测到这些化合物是一致的。我们的大型荟萃分析清楚地表明，十多年来，城市废水是草甘膦的一个非常重要的来源。此外，欧洲的河水数据显示，草甘膦全年的基本质量通量相当高且稳定，这与施用除草剂的情况不符。通过荟萃分析，我们确定了草甘膦来源的标准，而这一标准至今仍被掩盖。众所周知，AMPA 不仅是草甘膦的转化产物，也是在许多应用中用作防粘剂的氨基多膦酸盐的转化产物。由于在欧洲洗衣粉中使用了氨基多膦酸盐，而在美国却没有，因此我们推测草甘膦也可能是氨基多膦酸盐的转化产物。

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引用次数: 0

Anthropogenic impacts on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water: Evidence from the COVID-19 lockdown 人类活动对地表水中多环芳烃的影响：来自 COVID-19 封锁的证据

IF 12.8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research

Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122143

Ruifei Li, Yu Luo, Xu Zhu, Jin Zhang, Zhenyu Wang, Wenyu Yang, Yu Li, Hui Li

The lockdown restrictions against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have led to unprecedented reductions in global anthropogenic activities. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic combustion-induced pollutants, but the influence of anthropogenic responses to COVID-19 on PAH contamination remains largely unknown. Here we quantified the impacts of lockdown restrictions on 16PAH pollution based on the data in concentrations dissolved in the water phase and absorbed on the suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Elbe River from 2015 to 2021 and determined the changes in source contributions classified by individual years and stations. Results show that the annual average PAH concentrations in water and SPM were determined as 0.055 g·L and 3.77 mg·kg from 2015 to 2021, respectively. Pronounced declines in PAH on SPM (up to -18%) were observed during the three lockdowns in Germany from 2020 to 2021. However, dramatic rebounds of anthropogenic activities during the removal of the lockdown led to increases (up to 29%) in ∑PAH concentrations compared to the same period in previous years. Through the source apportionment method, vehicle and coal emissions were the two most predominant sources of PAHs in the river. Vehicle contribution decreased during the lockdown, while coal emissions increased by 5%. Health risks for three age groups were assessed as potential low risk and decreased by 18% from 1.54 × 10 in 2015 to 1.27 × 10 in 2019, and rebounded to 1.40 × 10 in 2020-2021. The findings of this study highlight the strong consistency between PAH concentrations and anthropogenic intensity, implying that source control from improved cleaner production is an effective pathway for mitigating PAH contamination in the aquatic environment.

针对 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）的封锁限制导致全球人为活动空前减少。多环芳烃（PAHs）是燃烧引起的致癌污染物，但人类活动对 COVID-19 的反应对 PAH 污染的影响在很大程度上仍然未知。在此，我们根据易北河 2015 年至 2021 年水相溶解浓度和悬浮颗粒物（SPM）吸收浓度的数据，量化了封锁限制对 16PAH 污染的影响，并确定了按年份和站点分类的源贡献变化。结果表明，2015 年至 2021 年，易北河水体和 SPM 中的多环芳烃年平均浓度分别为 0.055 g-L 和 3.77 mg-kg。在德国 2020 年至 2021 年的三次封锁期间，SPM 中的多环芳烃浓度明显下降（降幅高达 -18%）。然而，在解除限制期间，人为活动的急剧反弹导致∑PAH 浓度与往年同期相比上升（高达 29%）。通过来源分摊法，车辆和煤炭排放是河流中多环芳烃最主要的两个来源。在封锁期间，车辆排放减少，而煤炭排放增加了 5%。三个年龄组的健康风险被评估为潜在低风险，从 2015 年的 1.54 × 10 降至 2019 年的 1.27 × 10，降幅为 18%，2020-2021 年回升至 1.40 × 10。这项研究的结果突显了多环芳烃浓度与人为强度之间的高度一致性，这意味着通过改进清洁生产进行源头控制是减轻水生环境中多环芳烃污染的有效途径。

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引用次数: 0

Shifting to biology promotes highly efficient iron removal in groundwater filters 转向生物技术促进地下水过滤器高效除铁

IF 12.8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research

Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122135

Simon Müller, Francesc Corbera-Rubio, Frank Schoonenberg Kegel, Michele Laureni, Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht, Doris van Halem

Rapid sand filters are established and widely applied technologies for groundwater treatment. In these filters, main groundwater contaminants such as iron, manganese, and ammonium are oxidized and removed. Conventionally, intensive aeration is employed to provide oxygen for these redox reactions. While effective, intensive aeration promotes flocculent iron removal, which results in iron oxide flocs that rapidly clog the filter. In this study, we operated two parallel full-scale sand filters at different aeration intensities to resolve the relative contribution of homogeneous, heterogeneous and biological iron removal pathways, and identify their operational controls. Our results show that mild aeration in the LOW filter (5 mg/L O pH 6.9) promoted biological iron removal and enabled iron oxidation at twice the rate compared to the intensively aerated HIGH filter (>10mg/L O pH 7.4). Microscopy images showed distinctive twisted stalk-like iron solids, the biosignatures of , both in the LOW filter sand coatings as well as in its backwash solids. In accordance, 10 times higher DNA copy numbers of were found in the LOW filter effluent. Clogging by biogenic iron solids was slower than by chemical iron flocs, resulting in lower backwash frequencies and yielding four times more water per run. Ultimately, our results reveal that biological iron oxidation can be actively controlled and favoured over competing physico-chemical routes. The production of more compact and practically valuable iron oxide solids is of outmost interest. We conclude that, although counterintuitive, slowing down iron oxidation in the water before filtration enables rapid iron removal in the biofilter.

快速砂滤器是一种成熟且应用广泛的地下水处理技术。在这些过滤器中，铁、锰和铵等主要地下水污染物被氧化并去除。传统的做法是采用强化曝气来为这些氧化还原反应提供氧气。强化曝气虽然有效，但会促进絮凝除铁，导致氧化铁絮体迅速堵塞过滤器。在这项研究中，我们在不同曝气强度下运行了两个平行的全尺寸砂滤器，以确定均相、异相和生物除铁途径的相对贡献，并确定它们的运行控制。结果表明，与强化曝气的高浓度过滤器（pH 值大于 10mg/L O，7.4）相比，低浓度过滤器（pH 值为 6.9，5mg/L O）的轻度曝气促进了生物除铁，使铁的氧化速度提高了一倍。显微镜图像显示，在 LOW 过滤器的砂涂层及其反冲洗固体中，都有明显的扭曲的茎状铁固体，这是生物除铁的特征。与此相对应，在 LOW 过滤器流出物中发现的 DNA 拷贝数高出 10 倍。生物铁固体的堵塞速度比化学铁絮慢，因此反冲洗频率较低，每次运行产生的水量是化学铁絮的四倍。最终，我们的研究结果表明，生物铁氧化可以被积极控制，并优于其他物理化学方法。生产结构更紧凑、更有实用价值的氧化铁固体是最令人感兴趣的。我们得出的结论是，尽管与直觉相反，但在过滤前减缓水中的铁氧化，可使生物滤池快速除铁。

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引用次数: 0

Can photocatalysis inhibit interspecies bacterial cooperation to quench the formation of robust complex bacterial biofilms in water environments? 光催化能否抑制种间细菌合作，从而抑制水环境中复杂细菌生物膜的形成？

IF 11.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research

Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122137

Longji Xia, Min Chen, Guiying Li, Taicheng An

Bacterial biofilms pose significant a public health risk as an environmental reservoir for opportunistic aquatic bacterial pathogens. Understanding the interspecies roles of complex bacterial biofilms under different stimuli and regulatory mechanisms of stress responses is the key to controlling their dissemination. Herein, two-species mixture (TSM) biofilms (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were constructed in a flowthrough reactor. Compared with the single-species biofilms, the TSM biofilm had higher growth activity to reach maturity faster, forming a staggered community structure. Moreover, the TSM biofilm exhibited greatly improved resistance to different antibiotics (16-128 times higher), especially to those that act on protein synthesis and cell membrane integrity, when compared to single planktonic microorganisms. In the presence of stimuli, photocatalysis effectively inactivated the TSM biofilm within 10 h, a 4-fold shorter inactivation time compared to UVC irradiation. In addition, photocatalysis effectively depleted the extracellular polymers of the TSM biofilm and inhibited secretion of their interspecies quorum sensing signaling molecule autoinducer-2 (AI-2). However, the expression of AI-2 induced related virulence factors, and biofilm growth-related genes were initially up-regulated 3 - 10 fold for the TSM biofilm within the first 2 - 4 h of photocatalysis, followed by significant down-regulation. Furthermore, the addition of the AI-2 precursor 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione effectively delayed the photocatalytic inactivation efficiency of the TSM biofilm compared to the control. These results suggest that photocatalysis can effectively inactivate biofilms by inhibiting interspecies cooperation by quenching AI-2 in the TSM biofilm. This work sheds light on controlling biofilms in public health engineering systems.

细菌生物膜作为机会性水生细菌病原体的环境储藏库，对公共卫生构成了重大风险。了解复杂细菌生物膜在不同刺激和应激反应调控机制下的种间作用是控制其传播的关键。在此，研究人员在贯流反应器中构建了双种混合（TSM）生物膜（金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌）。与单种生物膜相比，TSM 生物膜具有更高的生长活性，能更快达到成熟，形成交错的群落结构。此外，与单一浮游微生物相比，TSM 生物膜对不同抗生素的耐药性大大提高（16-128 倍），尤其是对那些影响蛋白质合成和细胞膜完整性的抗生素。在有刺激的情况下，光催化可在 10 小时内有效灭活 TSM 生物膜，与紫外线照射相比，灭活时间缩短了 4 倍。此外，光催化还能有效消耗 TSM 生物膜的胞外聚合物，并抑制其种间法定量感应信号分子自动诱导因子-2（AI-2）的分泌。然而，在光催化的最初 2 - 4 小时内，TSM 生物膜的 AI-2 诱导的相关毒力因子和生物膜生长相关基因的表达最初上调了 3 - 10 倍，随后显著下调。此外，与对照组相比，添加 AI-2 前体 4,5-二羟基-2,3-戊二酮可有效延迟 TSM 生物膜的光催化灭活效率。这些结果表明，光催化可以通过淬灭 TSM 生物膜中的 AI-2 来抑制种间合作，从而有效灭活生物膜。这项工作为控制公共卫生工程系统中的生物膜提供了启示。

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