Olga Tchijevitch PhD, MSc (is a Researcher, Department of Clinical Research, Research Unit OPEN, University of Southern Denmark.), Sebrina Maj-Britt Hansen MSc (is PhD student, Department of Clinical Research, Research Unit OPEN, University of Southern Denmark.), Jesper Hallas MD, PhD (is Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark.), Søren Bie Bogh PhD, MSc (is Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Research, Research Unit OPEN, University of Southern Denmark.), Alma Mulac PhD, MPharm (is Senior Lecturer, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, and Special Advisor, Pharmacist, Oslo University Hospital.), Sisse Walløe MSc (is a PhD student, Department of Clinical Research, Research Unit OPEN, University of Southern Denmark.), Mette Kring Clausen MSc (is Consultant, Clinical Development, Odense University Hospital, Region of Southern Denmark.), Søren Birkeland MD, PhD (is Professor in Psychiatry- and Health Law, Department of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark and Forensic Mental Health Research Unit Middlefart (RFM) Please address correspondence to Olga Tchijevitch)
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Abstract
Background
Medication errors (MEs) pose risks to patient safety, resulting in substantial economic costs. To enhance patient safety and learning from incidents, health care and pharmacovigilance organizations systematically collect ME data through reporting systems. Despite the growing literature on MEs in reporting systems, an overview of methods used to analyze them is lacking. The authors aimed to identify, explore, and map available literature on methods used to analyze MEs in reporting systems.
Methods
The review was based on Joanna Briggs Institute's methodology. The authors systematically searched electronic databases Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, and other sources (Google Scholar, health care safety and pharmacovigilance centers’ websites). Literature published from January 2017 to December 2023 was screened and extracted by two independent researchers.
Results
Among the 59 extracted publications, analyses most often focused on MEs occurring in hospitals (57.6%), included both adult and pediatric patients (79.7%), and used national patent safety monitoring systems as a source (69.5%). We identified quantitative (39.0%), qualitative (11.9%), mixed methods (37.3%), and advanced computerized methods (11.9%). Descriptive quantitative analyses for categorized data were common; however, disproportionality analysis constituted a newer approach to address issues with reporting bias. Free-text data were commonly managed by content analysis, while mixed methods analyzed both categorized and free-text data. In addition, text mining, natural language processing, and artificial intelligence were used in more recent studies.
Conclusion
This scoping review uncovered a notable span and diversity in methodologies. Future research should assess the use, applicability, and effectiveness of newer methods such as disproportionality analysis and advanced computerized techniques.
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