Tunable band gaps and conduction band edges of CdS/ZnS heterostructures – a first-principles-based prediction†

Abstract

CdS/ZnS heterostructures with tunable band gaps are promising photocatalysts for solar- or visible-light-driven H₂ production through water splitting. To predict how the bandgap changes with the heterostructure composition, density functional theory calculations with meta-GGA correction are performed. It is found that the band gaps of CdS and ZnS are reduced by up to 14.5% and 43.3% in the heterostructures, respectively. The content of CdS in heterostructures plays a vital role in tuning the band gap and conduction band edge level. With the increasing number of CdS layers, the band gap first decreases and reaches a minimum value for (CdS)₅/(ZnS)₅, and then increases slightly. As a result, the (CdS)_m/(ZnS)_n (m ≥ 3, m + n = 10, or ≥ 30% of CdS) heterostructures attain desirable band gaps in the range of 2.06–2.25 eV for visible light absorption and 0.305–0.444 eV more negative conduction band edge than the reduction potential of H⁺/H₂ for water splitting. These results suggest that the composition of CdS/ZnS heterostructures can be adjusted to further improve the efficiency of photocatalysts for visible light absorption and water splitting/H₂ production.