Establishment of a Quantitative Method for the Extraction of Nicotine and Cotinine in Gingival Tissue and Relationship Between Gingival Intoxication With Conventional Smoking Biomarkers: A Pilot Study

IF 1.7 Q3 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE Clinical and Experimental Dental Research Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI:10.1002/cre2.70022

Leila Salhi, Samuel Hazout, Dorien Van hede, France Lambert, Corinne Charlier, Marine Deville

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Abstract

Objectives

Smoking is considered a major risk factor for periodontitis genesis and progression. In clinical studies, specific indicators have been used to characterize the smoking status of the patient as the number of cigarettes consumed (NCC), the pack-years (PY), or Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). However, available literature is missing on the relationship between cotinine gingival intoxication and smoking indicators. First, the development of a quantitative method for the extraction of nicotine and cotinine in gingival tissue. Second, to investigate the relationship between gingival intoxication and conventional smoking biomarkers.

Material and Methods

Fourteen smoker patients were included in the study. After clinical data collection, salivary and gingival samples collection, toxicological analyses were performed using liquid extraction after enzymatic digestion (subtilisin) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).

Results

Gingival cotinine quantification was successfully performed in 14 samples (100%) with a mean of 0.280 ng/mg (range = 0.094–0.505). Only FTND was statistically associated with gingival cotinine levels (p = 0.0072; r² = 0.60). Gingival nicotine quantification was achieved in 12 of the 14 gingival samples (86%) with a mean of 0.384 ± 1.00 ng/mg (range = 0.03–3.84). Gingival nicotine was statistically associated with NCC (p = 0.032; r² = 0.55), PY (p = 0.0011; r² = 0.76), and FTND (p = 0.016; r² = 0.60). Salivary nicotine and cotinine levels were statistically associated with, respectively, NCC (p = 0.030; r² = 0.34), and NCC (p = 0.0094; r² = 0.63) + PY (p = 0.0078; r² = 0.64).

Conclusions

This pilot study established a quantitative extraction method for nicotine and cotinine from human gingival samples. Additionally, FTND was associated with gingival cotinine. However, further large-scale studies are needed to confirm the relationship between nicotine dependence and gingival intoxication.

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牙龈组织中尼古丁和可替宁定量提取方法的建立及牙龈中毒与传统吸烟生物标志物关系的初步研究。

目的：吸烟被认为是牙周炎发生和发展的主要危险因素。在临床研究中，已经使用特定的指标来表征患者的吸烟状况，如消耗的香烟数量（NCC），包年（PY）或Fagerström尼古丁依赖测试（FTND）。然而，现有文献缺乏可替宁牙龈中毒与吸烟指标之间的关系。首先，建立了牙龈组织中尼古丁和可替宁的定量提取方法。第二，探讨牙龈中毒与传统吸烟生物标志物之间的关系。材料与方法：纳入14例吸烟患者。在收集临床资料、唾液和牙龈样本后，采用酶解后的液体萃取（枯草杆菌素）和超高效液相色谱-质谱联用（UPLC-MS/MS）进行毒理学分析。结果：14份样品（100%）牙龈可替宁定量成功，平均0.280 ng/mg（范围= 0.094 ~ 0.505）。只有FTND与牙龈可替宁水平有统计学相关性(p = 0.0072；r²= 0.60)。14份牙龈样品中有12份（86%）实现了牙龈尼古丁定量，平均值为0.384±1.00 ng/mg（范围= 0.03 ~ 3.84）。牙龈尼古丁与NCC有统计学相关性(p = 0.032；r²= 0.55),PY (p = 0.0011；r²= 0.76),FTND (p = 0.016；r²= 0.60)。唾液中尼古丁和可替宁水平分别与NCC相关(p = 0.030；r²= 0.34),NCC (p = 0.0094；r²= 0.63)+ PY (p = 0.0078；r²= 0.64)。结论：本初步研究建立了从人牙龈样品中定量提取尼古丁和可替宁的方法。此外，FTND与牙龈可替宁有关。然而，需要进一步的大规模研究来证实尼古丁依赖与牙龈中毒之间的关系。

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来源期刊

Clinical and Experimental Dental Research DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE-

CiteScore

3.30

自引率

5.60%

发文量

165

审稿时长

26 weeks

期刊介绍： Clinical and Experimental Dental Research aims to provide open access peer-reviewed publications of high scientific quality representing original clinical, diagnostic or experimental work within all disciplines and fields of oral medicine and dentistry. The scope of Clinical and Experimental Dental Research comprises original research material on the anatomy, physiology and pathology of oro-facial, oro-pharyngeal and maxillofacial tissues, and functions and dysfunctions within the stomatognathic system, and the epidemiology, aetiology, prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of diseases and conditions that have an effect on the homeostasis of the mouth, jaws, and closely associated structures, as well as the healing and regeneration and the clinical aspects of replacement of hard and soft tissues with biomaterials, and the rehabilitation of stomatognathic functions. Studies that bring new knowledge on how to advance health on the individual or public health levels, including interactions between oral and general health and ill-health are welcome.