Securitising regionalism: mega-regional trade blocs, Indo-Pacific Economic Framework and supply chain alliances in Asia

Abstract

This article examines the evolution of Asian regionalism, through the analytical prism of securitised regionalism, a concept that marries security concerns with regional cooperative efforts. It highlights the transformation from an initial focus on economic integration to a tool for geopolitical manoeuvring in response to evolving international relations in Asia. Initially shaped by the Cold War’s ideological confrontations, organisations like the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) underscored the security-driven nature of early Asian regionalism. However, the post–Cold War era witnessed a shift towards economic collaboration and integration, as evidenced by the development of the ASEAN Free Trade Area, Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, indicating a phase of de-securitisation. Recent trends, however, suggest an America-led resurgence of securitised regionalism in Asia, marked by the emergence of initiatives like the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework and a series of supply chain alliances. These initiatives, influenced by major power competition, especially the strategic interests of the United States in Asia, signify a renewed emphasis on geopolitical and security concerns. Additionally, the formation of strategic supply chain alliances aimed at reducing dependency on China points towards an enhanced focus on internal economic security within securitised regional blocs.