Comparative study of crystallization kinetics and phase segregation of triple cation and methylammonium lead iodide perovskites on moisture probing using synchrotron X-ray based radiation.

Abstract

3D mixed perovskites have achieved substantial success in boosting solar cell efficiency, but the complicated perovskite crystal formation pathway remains mysterious. Here we present detailed crystallization kinetics of mixed perovskites FA_0.83MA_0.17Pb(I_0.83Br_0.17)₃, where FA is formamidinium and MA is methylammonium, with the addition of Cs⁺ to form a triple cation perovskite (3-CAT), in a comparison with the perovskite building block MAPbI₃ (MAPI) via static grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and micro-diffraction measurements. Spin-coated films produced α-perovskite peaks with no PbI₂ or δ-intermediate phases, which was a promising result for the 3-CAT perovskite from micro-diffraction measurements. However, the 3-CAT did not remain stable on probing with varied relative humidity (RH) conditions as segregation back to the δ-intermediate and PbI₂ phase after 10 s of exposure to an RH value of 11% was found to occur from the GIWAXS results. When RH levels were elevated to over 100%, segregation peaks of PbI₂ and δ-intermediate (2H, 4H and 6H) became conspicuous as the α-phase intensity diminished, unlike for MAPI that remains relatively stable. The possible cause of this is hydrophilic bonds that form between the 3-CAT crystals and the small annealing window of the best composition perovskite (5% Cs⁺) film.