Lithium in drinking water: Review of chemistry, analytical methods, and treatment technologies

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI:10.1002/aws2.70009

Julie A. Korak, Philip J. Brandhuber, Joseph E. Goodwill

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Abstract

Lithium was included in the fifth Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Rule, signaling the Environmental Protection Agency's interest in regulating lithium. Many questions regarding occurrence, health effects, and treatability of lithium exist. This review primarily focuses on the relationship between lithium chemistry and treatability. Sampling indicates nationwide lithium occurrence in drinking water. Yet, lithium is not included in the Integrated Risk Information System, reflecting a lack of censuses regarding its health effects. Aqueous lithium is a monovalent cation with size, charge density, and solubility properties that present treatment challenges. Lithium's growing economic value is stimulating new extraction and isolation technologies, but these may not be transferable to drinking water treatment. Currently, reverse osmosis is the only full-scale drinking water treatment technology that can reliably remove significant levels (>50%) of lithium. Focusing future research efforts on electrodialysis and inorganic ion sieves may yield significant gains in effectiveness and readiness for the drinking water industry.

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饮用水中的锂：化学、分析方法和处理技术综述

锂被列入第五项不受管制的污染物监测规则，这标志着环境保护局对监管锂的兴趣。关于锂的发生、健康影响和可治疗性存在许多问题。本文主要综述了锂化学与可治疗性之间的关系。抽样显示全国饮用水中存在锂。然而，锂不包括在综合风险信息系统中，这反映了缺乏关于其健康影响的人口普查。含水锂是一种单价阳离子，其大小、电荷密度和溶解度都给处理带来了挑战。锂日益增长的经济价值刺激了新的提取和分离技术，但这些技术可能无法转移到饮用水处理中。目前，反渗透是唯一能够可靠地去除大量（50%）锂的全面饮用水处理技术。将未来的研究重点放在电渗析和无机离子筛上，可能会在饮用水工业的有效性和准备性方面取得重大进展。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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AWWA water science

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4.40

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0.00%

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