Next-Generation heavy metal water Treatment: A Primer on modified Capacitive deionization

Abstract

Addressing the critical challenge of freshwater scarcity demands innovative and effective methods for removing heavy metals from water sources. Despite several conventional techniques, there is a significant gap in developing energy-efficient and high-performance solutions. Capacitive Deionization (CDI) emerges as a frontrunner in this domain, offering unparalleled benefits in water recovery, energy efficiency, and ion selectivity, surpassing many traditional methods. This review synthesizes recent advancements in CDI, particularly in module design, electrode materials, configurational enhancements, energy comparisons and system applications, highlighting its transformative impact. We differentiate our analysis by providing a detailed comparison with existing CDI modular technologies, demonstrating CDI’s superior potential in scalability and efficiency for different heavy metal remediation. Furthermore, we identify persistent challenges, such as optimizing CDI reactors for industrial-scale applications, and address the critical knowledge gaps that hinder broader adoption. Our strategic recommendations are designed to bridge the gap between experimental research and practical implementation, positioning CDI as a pivotal technology in addressing global water treatment needs.