Plasmonic nanostructures for color vision deficiency (CVD) management

Abstract

Color blindness, also known as color vision deficiency (CVD), is a prevalent ocular disorder that hinders distinguishing different colors, a challenge experienced by a considerable portion of the global population (8−10% of males and 0.4−0.5% of females). CVD patients are frequently restricted from crucial professions such as military or police, and cannot recognize colors in public places or media like watching TV. Despite ongoing efforts, there is no definitive cure for color blindness; however, various color filter-based devices such as tinted glasses and contact lenses have been introduced to assist CVD people. Recently, plasmonic nanostructures have attracted significant attention for CVD management by replacing chemical dyes due to their outstanding properties and the adjustability of plasmonic resonances. This study reviews the different wearables utilized in CVD management, such as eyeglasses and contact lenses, with a special emphasis on the innovative plasmonic eye wearables that have emerged in recent advances. The capability to modify the plasmonic properties by manipulating their morphology provides novel perspectives for CVD management and smart ophthalmic wearables.