LDB1 establishes multi-enhancer networks to regulate gene expression

Abstract

How specific enhancer-promoter pairing is established remains mostly unclear. Besides the CTCF/cohesin machinery, few nuclear factors have been studied for a direct role in physically connecting regulatory elements. Using a murine erythroid cell model, we show via acute degradation experiments that LDB1 directly and broadly promotes connectivity among regulatory elements. Most LDB1-mediated contacts, even those spanning hundreds of kb, can form in the absence of CTCF, cohesin, or YY1 as determined using multiple degron systems. Moreover, an engineered LDB1-driven chromatin loop is cohesin independent. Cohesin-driven loop extrusion does not stall at LDB1-occupied sites but aids the formation of a subset of LDB1-anchored loops. Leveraging the dynamic reorganization of nuclear architecture during the transition from mitosis to G1 phase, we observe that loop formation and de novo LDB1 occupancy correlate and can occur independently of structural loops. Tri-C and Region Capture Micro-C reveal that LDB1 organizes multi-enhancer networks to activate transcription. These findings establish LDB1 as a driver of spatial connectivity.