Green manure substitution for chemical nitrogen reduces greenhouse gas emissions and enhances yield and nitrogen uptake in rice[sbnd]rice cropping systems

Abstract

Although nitrogen (N) is important for rice growth, its excessive use can have negative environmental effects, such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Thus, sustainable and eco-friendly rice production demands precise N management strategies. This includes the use of milk-vetch (MV) as a green manure (GM) for substitution. However, how GM substitution for chemical N fertilizer (NF) affects yield, uptake, methane (CH4) emissions, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and related microbial mechanisms in ricerice cropping systems remains poorly understood.