Wood-Derived Hydrogels for Osteochondral Defect Repair

Abstract

Repairing cartilage tissue is a serious global challenge. Herein, we focus on wood skeletal structures that are highly porous for cell penetration yet have load-bearing strength, and aim to synthesize wood-derived hydrogels with the ability to regenerate cartilage tissues. The hydrogels were synthesized by wood delignification and the subsequent intercalation of citric acid (CA), which is involved in tricarboxylic acid cycles and essential for energy production, and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), which is a cartilage glycosaminoglycan, among cellulose microfibrils. CA and NAG intercalation increased the amorphous region of the cellulose microfibrils and endowed them with flexibility while maintaining the skeletal structure of the wood. Consequently, the CA-NAG-treated wood hydrogels became twistable and bendable, and the acquired stiffness, compressive strength, water content, and cushioning characteristics were similar to those of the cartilage. In rabbit femur cartilage defects, CA-NAG-treated wood hydrogels induced the differentiation of surrounding cells into chondrocytes. Consequently, the CA-NAG-treated wood hydrogels repaired cartilage defects, whereas the collagen scaffolds, delignified wood materials, and CA-treated wood hydrogels did not. The CA-NAG-treated wood hydrogels exhibit superior structural and mechanical characteristics over conventional cellulose-fiber-containing scaffolds. Furthermore, the CA-NAG-treated wood hydrogels can effectively repair cartilage on their own, whereas conventional natural and synthetic polymeric materials need to be combined with cells and growth factors to achieve a sufficient therapeutic effect. Therefore, the CA-NAG-treated wood hydrogels successfully address the limitations of current therapies that either fail to repair articular cartilage or sacrifice healthy cartilage. To our knowledge, this is the pioneer study on the utilization of thinned wood for tissue engineering, which will contribute to solving both global health and environmental problems and to creating a sustainable society.