Marangoni convection with variable thermal conductivity and impact of inertial drag on radiative tri-hybrid nanofluid flow over a Riga plate with non-uniform heat emission/release

Abstract

A broad and impactful application in designing and optimizing thermal system in engineering is due to the utility of the nanoparticles. These include advanced cooling technologies in electronics and enhanced recovery processes where managing heat flow in porous medium. Based on the above-mentioned features and utilities, a study is carried out in examining the flow characteristics involving the Marangoni convection of a radiative tri-hybrid nanofluid passing via a Riga plate by considering the variable thermal conductivity and the effect of Darcy–Forchheimer inertial drag. The incorporation of heat source/sink relating to both space and temperature dependent with the imposition of a magnetic field enriches the flow phenomena of a nanofluid consisting of composite nanoparticles. The thermal properties combined with the effect of thermal conductivity, density, etc., enrich the transport phenomena. The utilization of the specific similarity rules is effective in transforming the designed model into a dimensionless. Further, a numerical technique is introduced for the solution of these transmuted equations and the numerical values correlating to the established results show a good relationship in a particular case. The important characteristics of several factors about the flow phenomena are presented briefly through graphs. The observations reveal that the enhanced Hartmann number gives rise to increase the fluid velocity and the radiative heat for the inclusion of thermal radiation also favours in enhancing the fluid temperature.