{"title":"tRNA modifications: greasing the wheels of translation and beyond.","authors":"Minjie Zhang, Zhipeng Lu","doi":"10.1080/15476286.2024.2442856","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transfer RNA (tRNA) is one of the most abundant RNA types in cells, acting as an adaptor to bridge the genetic information in mRNAs with the amino acid sequence in proteins. Both tRNAs and small fragments processed from them play many nonconventional roles in addition to translation. tRNA molecules undergo various types of chemical modifications to ensure the accuracy and efficiency of translation and regulate their diverse functions beyond translation. In this review, we discuss the biogenesis and molecular mechanisms of tRNA modifications, including major tRNA modifications, writer enzymes, and their dynamic regulation. We also summarize the state-of-the-art technologies for measuring tRNA modification, with a particular focus on 2'-O-methylation (Nm), and discuss their limitations and remaining challenges. Finally, we highlight recent discoveries linking dysregulation of tRNA modifications with genetic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":21351,"journal":{"name":"RNA Biology","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"RNA Biology","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2024.2442856","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2024/12/26 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is one of the most abundant RNA types in cells, acting as an adaptor to bridge the genetic information in mRNAs with the amino acid sequence in proteins. Both tRNAs and small fragments processed from them play many nonconventional roles in addition to translation. tRNA molecules undergo various types of chemical modifications to ensure the accuracy and efficiency of translation and regulate their diverse functions beyond translation. In this review, we discuss the biogenesis and molecular mechanisms of tRNA modifications, including major tRNA modifications, writer enzymes, and their dynamic regulation. We also summarize the state-of-the-art technologies for measuring tRNA modification, with a particular focus on 2'-O-methylation (Nm), and discuss their limitations and remaining challenges. Finally, we highlight recent discoveries linking dysregulation of tRNA modifications with genetic diseases.
tRNA （Transfer RNA）是细胞中最丰富的RNA类型之一，是mrna遗传信息与蛋白质氨基酸序列之间的桥梁。除了翻译外，trna和由它们加工而成的小片段还发挥着许多非常规的作用。tRNA分子经过各种类型的化学修饰，以保证翻译的准确性和效率，并调节其翻译之外的多种功能。本文综述了tRNA修饰的生物发生和分子机制，包括主要的tRNA修饰、writer酶及其动态调控。我们还总结了测量tRNA修饰的最新技术，特别关注2'- o -甲基化（Nm），并讨论了它们的局限性和仍然存在的挑战。最后，我们强调了最近发现的tRNA修饰失调与遗传疾病的联系。
期刊介绍：
RNA has played a central role in all cellular processes since the beginning of life: decoding the genome, regulating gene expression, mediating molecular interactions, catalyzing chemical reactions. RNA Biology, as a leading journal in the field, provides a platform for presenting and discussing cutting-edge RNA research.
RNA Biology brings together a multidisciplinary community of scientists working in the areas of:
Transcription and splicing
Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression
Non-coding RNAs
RNA localization
Translation and catalysis by RNA
Structural biology
Bioinformatics
RNA in disease and therapy
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