Development of cinnamon essential oil-loaded Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan/gelatin nanoparticles with enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm actives

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2025-01-03 DOI:10.1186/s42825-024-00180-8

Zhilang Xu, Xinxin Wang, Huaqian Liang, Xinying Li, Derong Li, Changdao Mu, Liming Ge, Defu Li

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Abstract

Bacterial biofilm infection is a complicated and important global problem. Non-toxic biomass-based Pickering emulsions as an essential oil delivery system are a potentially effective means in biofilm treatment. Herein, the chitosan/gelatin complex nanoparticles (CGNPs) stabilized Pickering (CGP) emulsion loaded with cinnamon essential oil (CEO) was developed to inhibit and remove bacterial biofilms. CGNPs were initially successfully prepared with a particle size of 253.7 nm. Subsequently, CGP emulsions were prepared using CGNPs as the emulsifier and CEO as the oil phase, with the aqueous phase pH value of 5.5 and ionic strength of 50 mM. Amino groups of CGNPs were crosslinked with the aldehyde group of CEO via Schiff base reaction at the oil–water interface to form a denser core–shell structure, thus improving the stability of Pickering emulsion. The CGP emulsions exhibit controlled and long-term sustained release properties in essential oil delivery, with 89.8%, 81.0%, and 62.2% CEO release within 168 h for CGP-0.1, CGP-0.2, and CGP-0.3, respectively. Moreover, CGP emulsions have stronger antioxidant activities (nearly 100%), broad-spectrum antibacterial activities (> 90%), enhanced penetration and removal capabilities against preformed biofilms than single CEO or CGNPs, as well as its better biocompatibility than conventional surfactant-stabilized emulsions. Hence, CEO-delivered CGP emulsion could serve as a potential strategy against biofilm infections and bacterial resistance.

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壳聚糖/明胶纳米颗粒稳定肉桂精油皮克林乳剂的研制，增强其抗菌和抗生物膜活性

细菌生物膜感染是一个复杂而重要的全球性问题。无毒性生物质皮克林乳剂作为一种精油输送系统，在生物膜处理中具有潜在的有效性。本研究制备了壳聚糖/明胶复合纳米颗粒（CGNPs）稳定皮克林（CGP）乳液，负载肉桂精油（CEO），以抑制和去除细菌生物膜。初步成功制备了粒径为253.7 nm的CGNPs。随后，以CGNPs为乳化剂，以CEO为油相制备CGP乳液，水相pH值为5.5，离子强度为50 mM。CGNPs的氨基与CEO的醛基在油水界面通过希夫碱反应交联，形成更致密的核壳结构，提高了皮克林乳液的稳定性。CGP乳剂具有控释性和长效缓释性，CGP-0.1、CGP-0.2和CGP-0.3在168 h内的CEO释放率分别为89.8%、81.0%和62.2%。此外，CGP乳剂具有较强的抗氧化活性（接近100%），广谱抗菌活性（> 90%），对预成型生物膜的渗透和去除能力优于单一的CEO或CGNPs，生物相容性优于传统的表面活性剂稳定乳剂。因此，ceo - CGP乳剂可以作为对抗生物膜感染和细菌耐药性的潜在策略。图形抽象

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Fluorescein 5(6)-isothiocyanate

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Crystal violet

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Cinnamon oil