Development of titania coatings containing calcium, phosphorus, and silver, applied via the sol–gel method and dip-coating technique†

Abstract

This research focuses on the development of titania coatings containing calcium, phosphorus, and silver, prepared using the sol–gel method and applied via dip-coating technique for use in biomedical implants. These coatings were evaluated for their adhesion, bioactivity, antibacterial properties, and cytocompatibility. The titanium substrates underwent mechanical grinding or blasting with Al₂O₃ particles, or chemical etching with hydrofluoric acid before coating application. Adhesion was assessed using a tape test, revealing that all coatings adhered well to the substrates. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli was evaluated after 4 and 24 hours, demonstrating significant antibacterial effects. Bioactivity was tested in simulated body fluid (SBF) over 20 days, showing promising results. Cytotoxicity was assessed using L929, U-2 OS, and hFOB 1.19 cell lines, confirming the biocompatibility of the coatings. These findings suggest that sol–gel prepared coatings can significantly enhance the functional properties of titanium-based biomaterials for biomedical applications.