Hazardous alcohol use and cardiometabolic risk among firefighters

Abstract

Background

Alcohol misuse is prevalent among firefighters, and associated adverse cardiometabolic health consequences could negatively impact readiness for duty. Mental health conditions may confer additional risk. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether alcohol misuse increases cardiometabolic risk among firefighters and whether mental health conditions modify these relationships.

Methods

Deidentified data from firefighters (N = 2405; 95.8% males, 38 ± 9 years, 29.6 ± 4.6 kg/m²) included demographics, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and AUDIT-C scores, mental health screening scores, anthropometrics, metabolic panel, and cardiorespiratory testing results. Differences in cardiometabolic parameters between firefighters with low AUDIT-C (<3 [females] or <4 [males]; no or low-risk alcohol use) or high AUDIT-C (≥3 [females] or ≥4 [males]; hazardous alcohol use) were determined and odds ratios for clinical risk factors were calculated. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), insomnia, depression, and anxiety were assessed as moderators.

Results

Firefighters with high AUDIT-C had significantly (p < 0.05) higher total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and lower hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) than those with low AUDIT-C. In unadjusted and/or adjusted analyses, those with high AUDIT-C had increased risk for overweight/obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and prehypertension/hypertension, and decreased risk for low HDL and elevated HbA1c. There were inverse moderation effects by posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety on relationships between AUDIT-C score and BP. Insomnia (directly) and anxiety (inversely) moderated relationships between AUDIT-C score and circulating lipids.

Conclusions

Firefighters with high AUDIT-C have differential cardiometabolic risk, with specific relationships altered by mental health status. Whether higher HDL and lower HbA1c with high AUDIT-C in firefighters is protective long-term remains to be explored. Overall, these results underscore the need for alcohol screening and intervention to maintain cardiometabolic health and long-term occupational readiness among firefighters.