The progress and challenges of tin-lead alloyed perovskites: Toward the development of large-scale all-perovskite tandem solar cells

Abstract

The lead-based single-junction perovskite solar cells have achieved impressive efficiencies of up to 26.8%, highlighting their remarkable application potential and driving rapid advancements in large-area modules. However, as efficiencies approach the Shockley-Queisser limit for single-junction cells, further advancements are becoming increasingly challenging. Consequently, researchers have shifted their focus toward tin-lead alloyed perovskite (TLP) materials, aiming to construct multi-junction tandems. Recent advancements in both single-junction and multi-junction perovskite solar cells underscore the vast potential of TLPs, and their continued development promises a novel avenue for the industrialization of perovskite technology. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in TLPs for photovoltaic applications, covering ionic compositions, crystallization engineering, modifications of extrinsic substances, and contact layers. It also discusses progress in multi-junction tandems and large-scale modules, providing valuable insights for commercial production. The review concludes by summarizing the overall progress in TLPs and providing a perspective on future research.