Reexamining the Enhanced Solubility of Sodium Laurate/Sodium Oleate Eutectic Mixtures

Abstract

Mixtures of multiple surfactants that have superior performance to the individual components are highly sought-after commercially. Mixtures with a reduced Krafft point (T_K) are particularly useful as they enable applications at lower temperatures. Such an example is the soap maker’s eutectic: the mixture of sodium laurate (NaL) and sodium oleate (NaOl). A true eutectic implies that the two surfactants do not mix in the solid state but mix readily in the micellar solution above T_K, leading to a sharp T_K depression at a specific composition. However, the NaL/NaOl mixture shows a broad T_K depression of >15 °C at a NaOl weight fraction (w_O) of about 0.5. Our tie-line analysis shows that pure NaL and NaOl do not coexist in the solid phase on either side of the T_K minimum. X-ray analysis of the isolated solids with varying w_O reveals that a unique intermediate compound (I.C.) forms in the solid state with a NaL-to-NaOl mole ratio of about 4/3. Below the T_K minimum, NaL and the I.C. coexist in the solids for w_O < 0.5, whereas the I.C. and NaOl coexist in the solids for w_O > 0.5. Each pair of solids exhibits eutectic or monotectic solubility behavior, and the congruent I.C. melting point is so close to that of the eutectic point(s) that a broad T_K minimum ensues. Thermal analysis and modeling via the freezing-point depression approach support the above interpretation. The fact that surfactants with other headgroups but the same blend of chain lengths do not exhibit similar depressed T_K is a topic for further study.