Evaluation of 9,10-anthraquinone contamination in tea products from Indonesian manufacturers and its carcinogenic risk to consumer health

IF 3.9 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Food and Chemical Toxicology Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2025.115239

Harmoko Harmoko , Rahmana Emran Kartasasmita , Hasim Munawar , Dadan Rohdiana , Fransiska Kurniawan , Daryono Hadi Tjahjono , Amadeo R. Fernández-Alba

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Abstract

This study aimed to determine 9,10-anthraquinone (AQ) levels in Indonesian tea products from different manufacturers and assess the AQ's associated health risks. AQ levels increased significantly during withering and drying stages, using pinewood as a heat source. Generally, black tea was highly contaminated by AQ followed by green tea, oolong tea, and white tea. Out of a total of 116 samples from manufacturers using wood pellets as a heat source, 13% (15/116) of samples were contaminated with AQ exceeding the EU maximum residue level (MRL), and after accounting for measurement uncertainty, this value decreased to only 2% (2/116) that were deemed non-compliant. In contrast, 88% (57/65) and 50% (7/14) of tea samples were contaminated with AQ exceeding the EU MRL when manufacturers used pinewood and palm kernel shells as heat sources, respectively. However, based on our estimation, the risk level due to AQ exposure from Indonesian tea is still manageable, as indicated by calculating incremental lifetime cancer risk, <10⁻⁶ across all conditions studied (age group, type of tea, and heat source).

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印尼茶叶产品中9,10-蒽醌污染评价及其对消费者健康的致癌风险。

本研究旨在测定印尼不同厂家茶叶产品中9,10-蒽醌（AQ）的含量，并评估其相关的健康风险。以松木为热源，在干燥和枯干阶段，AQ水平显著升高。一般来说，红茶受空气污染的程度最高，其次是绿茶、乌龙茶和白茶。在使用木屑颗粒作为热源的制造商的116个样本中，13%（15/116）的样本被污染的AQ超过了欧盟最大残留水平（MRL），在考虑了测量不确定度之后，这个值下降到只有2%（2/116）被认为是不合规的。相比之下，88%（57/65）和50%（7/14）的茶叶样品在使用松木和棕榈仁壳作为热源时，污染的AQ分别超过了欧盟的MRL。然而，根据我们的估计，从印尼茶中暴露于空气毒素的风险水平仍然是可控的，正如计算终生癌症风险的增量所表明的那样，< 10⁻26在所有研究条件下（年龄组、茶的类型和热源）。

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来源期刊

Food and Chemical Toxicology 工程技术-毒理学

CiteScore

10.90

自引率

4.70%

发文量

651

审稿时长

31 days

期刊介绍： Food and Chemical Toxicology (FCT), an internationally renowned journal, that publishes original research articles and reviews on toxic effects, in animals and humans, of natural or synthetic chemicals occurring in the human environment with particular emphasis on food, drugs, and chemicals, including agricultural and industrial safety, and consumer product safety. Areas such as safety evaluation of novel foods and ingredients, biotechnologically-derived products, and nanomaterials are included in the scope of the journal. FCT also encourages submission of papers on inter-relationships between nutrition and toxicology and on in vitro techniques, particularly those fostering the 3 Rs. The principal aim of the journal is to publish high impact, scholarly work and to serve as a multidisciplinary forum for research in toxicology. Papers submitted will be judged on the basis of scientific originality and contribution to the field, quality and subject matter. Studies should address at least one of the following: -Adverse physiological/biochemical, or pathological changes induced by specific defined substances -New techniques for assessing potential toxicity, including molecular biology -Mechanisms underlying toxic phenomena -Toxicological examinations of specific chemicals or consumer products, both those showing adverse effects and those demonstrating safety, that meet current standards of scientific acceptability. Authors must clearly and briefly identify what novel toxic effect (s) or toxic mechanism (s) of the chemical are being reported and what their significance is in the abstract. Furthermore, sufficient doses should be included in order to provide information on NOAEL/LOAEL values.