Potential Risks from Cannabis-Infused Beverages: A Critical Review.

Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.) Pub Date : 2024-12-12 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI:10.26828/cannabis/2024/000271
Anna Marie Froude, Nikki Pangborn, Phillip Britz-McKibbin, James MacKillop, Iris Balodis
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Abstract

Although Canada legalized cannabis beverages in 2019, most available research on acute cannabis intoxication derives from dried flower and edible products. The distinct bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of phytocannabinoids ingested from beverages, however, contribute to significantly different acute and long-term effects that need to be better understood to ensure consumer safety.

Objective: This review investigates existing cannabis beverage literature, with a particular focus on acute intoxication effects.

Method: PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases were systematically searched. A structured search generated 29 eligible studies, comprising studies of consumption patterns and beliefs, advertisements and marketing, acute effects in human models, and drink composition.

Results: Human studies report aversive acute subjective and physiological effects induced by cannabis beverages in healthy, infrequent users. Beverages also showed inaccurate cannabinoid labeling, posing potential risks to consumers. This review highlights the paucity and inconsistency of available research, further exacerbated by the sheer diversity of formulations investigated, while beginning to address some questions surrounding the safety and risks associated with cannabis beverages.

Conclusions: Given the extensive differences in effects across cannabis-infused beverages, and the growing 'drinkables' market, it is essential that more studies directly examine both acute and long-term impacts of cannabis beverage consumption.

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大麻饮料的潜在风险:一项重要评论。
尽管加拿大在2019年将大麻饮料合法化,但大多数关于急性大麻中毒的研究都来自干花和可食用产品。然而,从饮料中摄取的植物大麻素的不同生物利用度和药代动力学特性导致急性和长期影响显著不同,需要更好地了解以确保消费者安全。目的:本综述调查现有的大麻饮料文献,特别侧重于急性中毒效应。方法:系统检索PubMed、PsycINFO和Web of Science数据库。一项结构化的搜索产生了29项符合条件的研究,包括对消费模式和信念、广告和营销、对人体模型的急性影响和饮料成分的研究。结果:人类研究报告了大麻饮料在健康的、不经常使用的人身上引起的急性主观和生理上的不良影响。饮料也显示不准确的大麻素标签,对消费者构成潜在风险。这项审查强调了现有研究的缺乏和不一致,而调查的配方的多样性进一步加剧了这一点,同时开始解决与大麻饮料有关的安全性和风险的一些问题。结论:考虑到大麻饮料的影响存在巨大差异,以及不断增长的“饮料”市场,有必要进行更多的研究,直接检查大麻饮料消费的急性和长期影响。
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