Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.)最新文献

Objective: Current methods of assessing cannabis-related attentional bias such as modified Stroop tasks are characterized by several limitations, including low reliability. The goal of the present study was to explore the reliability and utility of a novel methodological tool that is a proxy for eye-tracking-MouseView.js-to examine cannabis-related attentional bias.

Method: Canadian postsecondary students (N = 580) freely viewed 30 image pairs of neutral and cannabis stimuli using MouseView.js. Participants also completed self-report measures of cannabis use, including problematic cannabis use. Reliability coefficients (Cronbach's alpha and split-half) were calculated to estimate the internal consistency of cannabis images, neutral images, and dwell difference scores. A hierarchical testing strategy was used to examine whether image (neutral vs. cannabis) and cannabis use status (non-use, recreational use, problematic use), as well as the interaction between image and cannabis use status, explain variation in dwell times.

Results: A total of 368 participants (64.4%) did not use cannabis, 138 (23.8%) used cannabis recreationally, and 74 (12.8%) used cannabis at problematic levels. The reliability estimates for cannabis images, neutral images, and attentional bias scores ranged from acceptable to excellent. There was a main effect of image, such that all participants spent more time viewing cannabis relative to neutral images, indicative of an attentional bias. The main effects for cannabis use status and interactions between cannabis use status and image type were not statistically significant.

Conclusions: Taken together, the present findings suggest MouseView.js may be a reliable method to assess cannabis-related attentional biases.

Objective: Scientific and medical sources continue to be outpaced by the burgeoning cannabis marketplace regarding emerging forms of cannabis, leaving consumers with a great deal of uncertainty about safety and efficacy that may be addressed in cannabis dispensary and online settings. The present study examines how cannabis dispensary staff ("budtenders") use and evaluate the trustworthiness of online information about cannabis, especially social media content.

Method: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with San Francisco Bay Area budtenders (n = 18) and analyzed thematically.

Results: Social media was not viewed as a reliable information source for dispensary-based social interactions. Budtenders were skeptical of most commercially-oriented social media content and frustrated with inconsistent content moderation practices of social media platforms. Budtenders instead preferred offline information sources and relationships, as well as information derived from first and secondhand experiences with cannabis products. When evaluating information on social media, online settings promoting privacy, community moderation, and accountability were seen as features of trustworthy environments. Budtenders also expressed a range of confidence in medical, natural healing, and personal experience frameworks of health and cannabis knowledge production; concordance of social media content with these frameworks was an additional signal of trustworthy information.

Conclusions: This research highlights the role of budtenders in evaluating and triangulating emerging online cannabis information sources for consumers and the varied features and signals that cue budtenders to consider some online information as more trustworthy and credible for cannabis consumers.

Objective: As medical cannabis (MC) legalization expands across the United States, understanding the factors shaping healthcare students' support for its use is essential to informing educational practices and reducing stigma in clinical care.

Method: This secondary analysis examined factors associated with students' support for medical cannabis use (SFMCU), including clinical experience, personal cannabis use, demographic characteristics, and variation across patient vignettes. Participants (N = 349) were recruited from sciences and healthcare majors at multiple higher education institutions. SFMCU was measured using four clinical vignettes, and linear mixed-effects modeling was employed to account for both within-and between-subject variability.

Results: Students with clinical experience demonstrated significantly lower SFMCU compared to those without such experience (p < .001). Personal cannabis use was also associated with higher SFMCU, with users reporting greater support than non-users (p < .001). Older age and male gender predicted higher SFMCU (p < .05). Support varied by vignette type, with participants reporting greater SFMCU for post-traumatic stress disorder and insomnia compared to depression (p < .001).

Conclusions: Findings indicate that clinical experience, personal cannabis use, and demographic factors each influence students' attitudes toward MC. Students with healthcare experience exhibited lower support, possibly reflecting exposure to traditional medical norms or institutional stigma. These results underscore the need to integrate evidence-based MC education into healthcare curricula to enhance student knowledge, address misconceptions, and prepare future professionals to engage in informed, stigma-free patient care.

Objective: Motivational models of cannabis use, amongst other substances, suggest that individuals are driven to use it to achieve variable personally important outcomes. Understanding individuals' personal motivations for cannabis use is essential to screen for problematic use and intervene where appropriate. Importantly, more research is needed to understand how individuals transition from recreational to problematic use, as well as maintenance factors. As such, the use of psychometrically sound measures of motives for cannabis use is necessary, particularly in populations of individuals with anxiety and related disorders (ARDs), where there is a high rate of cannabis use.

Method: We examined the factor structure of the Marijuana Motives Measure (MMM) to confirm its structural validity in a clinical sample. Treatment-seeking adults from an outpatient anxiety clinic in Canada (N = 253) completed the MMM and several symptom questionnaires.

Results: Confirmatory factor analysis exhibited strong fit indices and good internal consistency across subscales ranging from .88-.93. Significant positive correlations were observed amongst most subscale pairs, the highest between expansion and coping (cor = 0.78). Scores on a measure of cannabis use disorder symptoms showed the strongest association with the coping subscale (τ = 0.54).

Conclusions: The MMM demonstrated structural and convergent validity in this sample, adding evidence supporting its use in an adult, treatment-seeking population with ARDs.

Objective: THC-JD (tetrahydrocannabioctyl) is a semi-synthetic cannabinoid with an eight-carbon C3 side chain, present in only trace amounts in hemp, requiring synthesis for commercial use. It has been promoted as potentially 19 times more potent than Δ⁹-THC, consistent with enhanced CB1 receptor affinities for cannabinoids with 7-8 carbon C3 side chains. While one peer-reviewed report identified THC-JD (tetrahydrocannabioctyl) in Japanese online products, an anecdotal report from the U.S. suggests mislabeling.

Method: To inform regulatory efforts and consumer awareness and to address these discrepancies, this study chemically analyzed five U.S. commercial cannabis vape products marketed as containing THC-JD.

Results: Utilizing GC-MS analysis with a Δ⁸-THC-JD reference standard, no THC-JD was detected in any of the five commercial samples. Instead, the most prevalent compound in four of the five samples was Δ⁸-THC.

Conclusions: The absence of THC-JD in these products raises critical concerns for consumer safety, regulatory compliance, and industry integrity, as consumers risk unknowingly ingesting uncharacterized or mislabeled substances. The lack of standardization in THC-JD products raises critical concerns for regulatory compliance and industry integrity. Further studies are needed to characterize THC-JD products and evaluate their potential health risk to consumers.

Objective: Cannabis use has been increasing among the Hispanic/Latinx population in the United States (US). Little research has expressly focused on culturally relevant factors related to cannabis use processes and problems among this group. The present investigation sought to help bridge this gap and test the main and interactive effects of perceived ethnic discrimination and negative emotional reactivity to minority stress in terms of cannabis use processes, including perceived barriers for cannabis reduction, cannabis use problems, and cannabis use motives, among Hispanic/Latinx adults in the US.

Method: Participants were recruited through Qualtrics Panels and included 521 adults who engaged in current (past month) cannabis use (M_age = 36.52 years, SD = 10.26; 55.1% male).

Results: In adjusted models, for perceived barriers for cannabis reduction and cessation as well as cannabis use problems, both perceived ethnic discrimination and negative emotional reactivity to minority stress were independently associated with higher odds of endorsement. For cannabis use motives, negative emotional reactivity to minority stress was positively associated with enhancement, social, coping, and expansion motives, whereas perceived ethnic discrimination was a contributor to conformity motives; effects ranged from small to medium. No interactive effects emerged as statistically significant.

Conclusions: The current findings suggest that among the U.S. Hispanic/Latinx population, screening and intervening upon perceived ethnic discrimination and negative emotional reactivity to minority stress may help mitigate challenges with the continued use of cannabis.

Objective: Cannabis and alcohol are among the substances most frequently used by adolescents. Adolescents also frequently co-use these substances, with use of alcohol predicting subsequent initiation of cannabis use, and vice-versa. Minimal research has explored adolescents' attitudes towards cannabis use qualitatively, and how these attitudes may directly/indirectly relate to attitudes towards alcohol use and vice versa.

Method: Forty U.S. adolescents (M_Age = 16.68, SD = 0.86) who had recently completed a study reporting their in-vivo exposure to substance use content in media completed follow-up interviews focused on substance depictions in media and attitudes towards substance use. Interviews were individual, semi-structured, and approximately one hour long. A priori codes were derived from the interview agenda. Interviews were transcribed and qualitatively coded by a team of three graduate students. Percent agreement across coders was 80%, suggesting substantial agreement.

Results: Several themes emerged from analysis. Most adolescents reported that their approval/disapproval of cannabis use was contingent on several factors including legality, age, degree of use/problematic use, and purpose (i.e., medicinal/recreational). Participants more commonly endorsed cannabis use as more acceptable than alcohol. Common reasons for this comparative approval included perceived social and health impacts (e.g., alcohol poisoning, liver disease), perceived addictive potential, and different effects of intoxication.

Conclusions: Results of the present study provide rich context to recent trends in adolescent cannabis and alcohol use and perceptions, as well as co-use and abstention. Understanding teens' attitudes towards substance use may be beneficial in developing appropriate substance prevention and intervention strategies (e.g., effectively communicating health risks of cannabis use).

Objective: California legalized adult cannabis use in 2016 with the passing of Proposition 64: The Adult Use Marijuana Act (Prop 64). This qualitative study aimed to explore the impact of legalization on various stakeholders and institutions within California, especially as it relates to public policy, health, and safety.

Method: Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted from January to March 2022 with stakeholders that included Subject Matter Experts (SME) from the following categories: clinicians (primary care, pain management, addiction medicine, cannabis clinicians), researchers, advocates, dispensary owners/personnel, legal professionals, and cannabis consumers. Nine interview guides were constructed to assess participants' perceptions of Prop 64 and its impact on their given sector/industry as it relates to the use, production, distribution, and access to medicinal and adult cannabis use. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify salient themes from the interviews.

Results: The three primary themes and subthemes included: (1) Successes of Prop 64 (quality control, justice reform, stigma reduction), (2) Shortcomings of Prop 64 (high cost, licensing, bureaucracy, social inequity), and (3) Recommendations for improvement of Prop 64 (need for research, policy change, the transformation of business model).

Conclusions: The implementation of cannabis legalization in California had a broad impact on many key stakeholders. While demonstrating some success, SME described key areas for improvement of Prop 64. A multidisciplinary approach with support from government, state, and local municipalities is necessary to facilitate proper regulation, provide timely support, and reduce social injustice, harm, and unforeseen consequences of use. Updating federal regulations (e.g., Schedule I status) might be an important step to allow for improving regulation and operations (e.g. banking) within the cannabis industry, further research and education, and greater cross-state consistency regarding law enforcement/regulation of cannabis. Public Health Implications: The information gathered will help inform public policy, as well as help health professionals design new health education campaigns for the general public.

Objective: People with (versus without) disabilities may be more likely to use cannabis medicinally, especially if they lack social support to cope with symptoms. However, associations of social support and disability with cannabis use remain largely unexplored.

Method: Adults with clinically significant anxiety and/or depressive symptoms participating in a clinical trial completed a baseline survey assessing past-month medical and recreational cannabis use, self-perceived disability (yes/no), perceived social support, and sociodemographics. Regression models examined the association between disability and social support, and the main and interactive effects of disability and social support on past-month medical and recreational cannabis use, adjusting for race and ethnicity, gender, age, and income.

Results: The sample (N = 822) was 25.3% American Indian, 25.1% Black, 25.1% White, and 24.6% Latinx (64.6% female; M _age = 38.3 [SD = 12.8]). Half (51.1%) self-reported a health condition that limited activities (i.e., disability); 24.9% reported past-month medical cannabis use, and 25.4% reported past-month recreational cannabis use. Participants with a self-reported disability reported lower average social support than those without (p = .031). A significant (p = .045) disability X social support interaction indicated that social support was associated with lower odds of medical cannabis use among those without (p = .038), but not with (p = .525), disability. Disability and social support were not significantly associated with recreational cannabis use (p-values > .05).

Conclusions: Individuals with disabilities had elevated odds of using medical cannabis, regardless of social support. Social support is imperative for well-being, and cannabis use may alleviate some symptoms; however, more accessible, comprehensive healthcare may be needed to support individuals with disabilities.

Objective: Evidence regarding the efficacy of various forms of cannabis and cannabinoid concentrations is limited, and cannabis industry regulatory infrastructure is still in development. Meanwhile, most US states have legalized medical or adult use cannabis. This study aimed to understand what advice cannabis budtenders in the San Francisco Bay Area were providing to customers for pain and sleep trouble - two of the conditions most cited as reasons for using cannabis medicinally.

Method: We visited 35 of 42 cannabis dispensaries in Alameda and San Francisco Counties in California, and using a "secret shopper" approach, asked the budtenders for recommendations on products, dosage, and strains to best alleviate pain and sleep trouble.

Results: For pain relief, budtenders showed a strong preference for topicals (77.1%), while edibles were most indicated for sleep trouble (60.0%). Reasons provided included budtender personal experience and product effectiveness. Cannabidiol (CBD) was endorsed most often for pain relief in high CBD:THC ratios (28.6%), 1:1 ratios (28.6%), and CBD alone (22.9%). For sleep relief, tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC) alone was most recommended (34.3%). When asked about cannabis strains for pain, 85.7% of budtenders did not express a preference, but for sleep, 57.1% of budtenders selected indica.

Conclusions: This study illustrates that budtenders in the Bay Area have specific ideas about cannabis uses, including types, concentrations, and strains, despite a lack of evidence for most recommendations. Future research should prioritize study of topical preparations of cannabis for pain, edibles for sleep, and tinctures for both, which budtenders regularly recommended to customers.