Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.)最新文献

Objective: Cannabis and alcohol are among the substances most frequently used by adolescents. Adolescents also frequently co-use these substances, with use of alcohol predicting subsequent initiation of cannabis use, and vice-versa. Minimal research has explored adolescents' attitudes towards cannabis use qualitatively, and how these attitudes may directly/indirectly relate to attitudes towards alcohol use and vice versa.

Method: Forty U.S. adolescents (M_Age = 16.68, SD = 0.86) who had recently completed a study reporting their in-vivo exposure to substance use content in media completed follow-up interviews focused on substance depictions in media and attitudes towards substance use. Interviews were individual, semi-structured, and approximately one hour long. A priori codes were derived from the interview agenda. Interviews were transcribed and qualitatively coded by a team of three graduate students. Percent agreement across coders was 80%, suggesting substantial agreement.

Results: Several themes emerged from analysis. Most adolescents reported that their approval/disapproval of cannabis use was contingent on several factors including legality, age, degree of use/problematic use, and purpose (i.e., medicinal/recreational). Participants more commonly endorsed cannabis use as more acceptable than alcohol. Common reasons for this comparative approval included perceived social and health impacts (e.g., alcohol poisoning, liver disease), perceived addictive potential, and different effects of intoxication.

Conclusions: Results of the present study provide rich context to recent trends in adolescent cannabis and alcohol use and perceptions, as well as co-use and abstention. Understanding teens' attitudes towards substance use may be beneficial in developing appropriate substance prevention and intervention strategies (e.g., effectively communicating health risks of cannabis use).

Objective: Cannabis use has been increasing among the Hispanic/Latinx population in the United States (US). Little research has expressly focused on culturally relevant factors related to cannabis use processes and problems among this group. The present investigation sought to help bridge this gap and test the main and interactive effects of perceived ethnic discrimination and negative emotional reactivity to minority stress in terms of cannabis use processes, including perceived barriers for cannabis reduction, cannabis use problems, and cannabis use motives, among Hispanic/Latinx adults in the US.

Method: Participants were recruited through Qualtrics Panels and included 521 adults who engaged in current (past month) cannabis use (M_age = 36.52 years, SD = 10.26; 55.1% male).

Results: In adjusted models, for perceived barriers for cannabis reduction and cessation as well as cannabis use problems, both perceived ethnic discrimination and negative emotional reactivity to minority stress were independently associated with higher odds of endorsement. For cannabis use motives, negative emotional reactivity to minority stress was positively associated with enhancement, social, coping, and expansion motives, whereas perceived ethnic discrimination was a contributor to conformity motives; effects ranged from small to medium. No interactive effects emerged as statistically significant.

Conclusions: The current findings suggest that among the U.S. Hispanic/Latinx population, screening and intervening upon perceived ethnic discrimination and negative emotional reactivity to minority stress may help mitigate challenges with the continued use of cannabis.

Objective: California legalized adult cannabis use in 2016 with the passing of Proposition 64: The Adult Use Marijuana Act (Prop 64). This qualitative study aimed to explore the impact of legalization on various stakeholders and institutions within California, especially as it relates to public policy, health, and safety.

Method: Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted from January to March 2022 with stakeholders that included Subject Matter Experts (SME) from the following categories: clinicians (primary care, pain management, addiction medicine, cannabis clinicians), researchers, advocates, dispensary owners/personnel, legal professionals, and cannabis consumers. Nine interview guides were constructed to assess participants' perceptions of Prop 64 and its impact on their given sector/industry as it relates to the use, production, distribution, and access to medicinal and adult cannabis use. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify salient themes from the interviews.

Results: The three primary themes and subthemes included: (1) Successes of Prop 64 (quality control, justice reform, stigma reduction), (2) Shortcomings of Prop 64 (high cost, licensing, bureaucracy, social inequity), and (3) Recommendations for improvement of Prop 64 (need for research, policy change, the transformation of business model).

Conclusions: The implementation of cannabis legalization in California had a broad impact on many key stakeholders. While demonstrating some success, SME described key areas for improvement of Prop 64. A multidisciplinary approach with support from government, state, and local municipalities is necessary to facilitate proper regulation, provide timely support, and reduce social injustice, harm, and unforeseen consequences of use. Updating federal regulations (e.g., Schedule I status) might be an important step to allow for improving regulation and operations (e.g. banking) within the cannabis industry, further research and education, and greater cross-state consistency regarding law enforcement/regulation of cannabis. Public Health Implications: The information gathered will help inform public policy, as well as help health professionals design new health education campaigns for the general public.

Objective: People with (versus without) disabilities may be more likely to use cannabis medicinally, especially if they lack social support to cope with symptoms. However, associations of social support and disability with cannabis use remain largely unexplored.

Method: Adults with clinically significant anxiety and/or depressive symptoms participating in a clinical trial completed a baseline survey assessing past-month medical and recreational cannabis use, self-perceived disability (yes/no), perceived social support, and sociodemographics. Regression models examined the association between disability and social support, and the main and interactive effects of disability and social support on past-month medical and recreational cannabis use, adjusting for race and ethnicity, gender, age, and income.

Results: The sample (N = 822) was 25.3% American Indian, 25.1% Black, 25.1% White, and 24.6% Latinx (64.6% female; M _age = 38.3 [SD = 12.8]). Half (51.1%) self-reported a health condition that limited activities (i.e., disability); 24.9% reported past-month medical cannabis use, and 25.4% reported past-month recreational cannabis use. Participants with a self-reported disability reported lower average social support than those without (p = .031). A significant (p = .045) disability X social support interaction indicated that social support was associated with lower odds of medical cannabis use among those without (p = .038), but not with (p = .525), disability. Disability and social support were not significantly associated with recreational cannabis use (p-values > .05).

Conclusions: Individuals with disabilities had elevated odds of using medical cannabis, regardless of social support. Social support is imperative for well-being, and cannabis use may alleviate some symptoms; however, more accessible, comprehensive healthcare may be needed to support individuals with disabilities.

Objective: Evidence regarding the efficacy of various forms of cannabis and cannabinoid concentrations is limited, and cannabis industry regulatory infrastructure is still in development. Meanwhile, most US states have legalized medical or adult use cannabis. This study aimed to understand what advice cannabis budtenders in the San Francisco Bay Area were providing to customers for pain and sleep trouble - two of the conditions most cited as reasons for using cannabis medicinally.

Method: We visited 35 of 42 cannabis dispensaries in Alameda and San Francisco Counties in California, and using a "secret shopper" approach, asked the budtenders for recommendations on products, dosage, and strains to best alleviate pain and sleep trouble.

Results: For pain relief, budtenders showed a strong preference for topicals (77.1%), while edibles were most indicated for sleep trouble (60.0%). Reasons provided included budtender personal experience and product effectiveness. Cannabidiol (CBD) was endorsed most often for pain relief in high CBD:THC ratios (28.6%), 1:1 ratios (28.6%), and CBD alone (22.9%). For sleep relief, tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC) alone was most recommended (34.3%). When asked about cannabis strains for pain, 85.7% of budtenders did not express a preference, but for sleep, 57.1% of budtenders selected indica.

Conclusions: This study illustrates that budtenders in the Bay Area have specific ideas about cannabis uses, including types, concentrations, and strains, despite a lack of evidence for most recommendations. Future research should prioritize study of topical preparations of cannabis for pain, edibles for sleep, and tinctures for both, which budtenders regularly recommended to customers.

Objective: Cannabis use is common among adolescents. Limited research has examined how specific cannabis use behaviors may differentially increase cannabis use disorder (CUD) risk.

Method: Data were from two waves of a prospective cohort of Southern California adolescents who used cannabis in the past six months (N = 420; Fall 2022, Spring 2023). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association of each cannabis use behavior at baseline (number of modes of cannabis administration used, product type used first and most often, cannabinoid formulation used most often, past 30-day frequency, quantity) with probable CUD at a six-month follow-up (measured using the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test), adjusting for sociodemographic factors, other substance use, and probable CUD at baseline.

Results: Most adolescents (69.8%) used >1 mode of cannabis in the past six-months; concentrates (vaped or dabbed) were the product type used most often (37.5%). Greater odds of CUD were observed for each additional cannabis product used in the past 6 months (vs. only one; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] range = 2.83-4.13; ps < .05), and for frequent past 30-day cannabis use (10+ days/month vs. 1-2 days/month; AOR = 2.87, 95%CI = [1.31, 6.27]). No other cannabis behaviors or characteristics were associated with CUD in adjusted models.

Conclusions: Frequent past-month cannabis use and using multiple modes of administration were predictors of probable CUD. In addition to monitoring the overall presence of adolescent cannabis use, these results demonstrate the importance of raising awareness about specific use behaviors associated with CUD risk among youth, particularly in regions with well-developed cannabis markets.

Objective: U.S. cannabis policy has been shaped by racism and produced racist outcomes. The legalization of cannabis for adult use represents an opportunity to end harmful policies and repair some of the damage caused by the War on Drugs. However, this opportunity may be slipping away. Large corporations with histories of exploitation are steering cannabis policy to maximize profits. Parabola Center for Law and Policy created a media campaign to educate the public about these issues and promote cannabis policies that benefit regular people. We conducted an experiment in the context of an online survey to determine whether six videos from the campaign would resonate with U.S. adults and influence beliefs about cannabis policy.

Method: In September 2023, we conducted an online survey of 404 U.S. adults. Participants were randomized to view six Parabola Campaign videos featuring cannabis policy experts before or after responding to survey questions.

Results: Participants who saw the Parabola Campaign videos had greater agreement that cannabis legalization should not benefit the tobacco industry, the pharmaceutical industry, and alcohol companies (all p < .05). They also had greater agreement that legalization should create space for small businesses, create a sharing community, and benefit people from communities that have been harmed by the Drug War (all p < .05).

Conclusions: Public education can be a powerful tool to promote equity-focused cannabis policy, by raising awareness of corporate influence, promoting community-centered regulatory models, and building support for an equitable approach to federal legalization.

Objective: The link between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cannabis-related problems is well documented, though research has primarily focused on cannabis use disorder (CUD) or cannabis consequences in aggregate. This study examined how inattentive (IN) versus hyperactive/impulsive (HI) ADHD symptoms relate to CUD symptoms as well as distinct domains of cannabis consequences (social-interpersonal consequences, impaired control, negative self-perception, self-care, risk behaviors, academic/occupational consequences, physical dependence, and blackout use) in young adults. Total amount of cannabis flower used over the past 90 days was explored as a potential mediator of these associations.

Method: Young adults (N = 160; 41% male; ages 19-25, M = 22, SD = 2.06) with a history of regular cannabis use completed self-report measures of ADHD symptoms and cannabis consequences. Participants also completed a 90-day Timeline Follow Back assessing grams of cannabis flower consumed each day, along with a structured clinical interview for CUD.

Results: IN symptoms were directly associated with cannabis-related occupational/academic consequences, self-care consequences, and blackouts/memory impairment, independent of quantity of cannabis consumption. HI symptoms showed positive indirect associations with physical dependence, impaired control, and CUD through greater amount of cannabis used. Conversely, IN symptoms had negative indirect associations with these outcomes, mediated by amount of cannabis used.

Conclusions: Findings reveal distinct pathways through which IN and HI ADHD symptoms relate to cannabis problems in young adults. Findings highlight the need to consider ADHD symptom domains separately when assessing specific cannabis-related risks, which may have implications for tailoring interventions.

Objective: Cannabis demand, as measured by the Marijuana Purchase Task (MPT), holds associations with concurrent cannabis consumption and associated risks (e.g., cannabis use disorder [CUD]). As few studies have examined prospective associations between cannabis demand and future cannabis use, the current study examined this association in young adults who use cannabis. In addition, the present study explored the novel construct of projected future cannabis demand and its associations with future cannabis use.

Method: Participants first completed a current Time1 (T1) MPT, projected future Time2 (T2) MPT (i.e., "three months from now"), and measures of past-month cannabis use frequency and CUD symptoms during an initial session. They returned three months later (T2) to complete a current T2 MPT and measures of cannabis use and CUD symptoms.

Results: Measures across the three MPTs (observed T1, projected future T2, and observed T2) indicate relatively stability of demand across time and accuracy in projecting future demand. Prospective associations between T1 demand measures and cannabis use were observed, with both observed T1 and projected future T2 demand measures associated with T2 cannabis use frequency.

Conclusions: Results of the current study highlight the potential of current and projected future cannabis demand measures to better understand the trajectory of cannabis use in this high-risk population.

Objective: Since legalization in 2018, older Canadians' use of cannabis has increased steadily, yet little is known about their perceptions of cannabis. We aimed to determine cannabis usage, and characterize perceptions of safety, effectiveness and stigma in community dwelling older Canadians.

Method: Canadians aged 50 years and older were invited to participate in an electronic survey of their experience with cannabis and perceptions of cannabis safety, effectiveness, and stigma. Data were categorized as participants reporting current use, non-use, prior use, and considering use. Perceptions were assessed with a 5-point Likert scale and open text box questions. Logistic regression models were used to assess how age, sex, cannabis usage, and education influenced perceptions.

Results: One thousand six hundred fifteen participants completed the survey. Current cannabis use was reported by 44% of respondents, followed by non-use (33.2%), prior use (16.5%) and considering use (6.1%). Almost half (49.2%) perceived the risks of using cannabis to be low or very low. The greatest concerns regarding cannabis use were effects on cognition/mental health (40.8%), physical health (19.1%), and available product information (18.0%). Participants somewhat or strongly agreed that there is not enough information on cannabis safety (60.4%) and effectiveness (63.8%), and 34.7% perceived there to be a negative stigma amongst family and friends. Cannabis perceptions were influenced by age, sex, cannabis usage, and education.

Conclusions: Generational and sex-based differences exist in cannabis usage and perceptions amongst older Canadians. These differences require consideration by health practitioners and public health workers to meet the educational needs of older adults.