Hypoxia-induced degradation of FTO promotes apoptosis by unmasking RACK1-mediated activation of MTK1-JNK1/2 pathway

Abstract

Introduction

Hypoxia, a condition characterized by inadequate oxygen supply to tissues, triggers various cellular responses, including apoptosis. The RNA demethylase FTO has been shown to exert anti-apoptotic effects, but its functions independent of RNA demethylase—particularly those involving protein–protein interactions—during hypoxia remain unclear.

Objectives

This study aimed to elucidate the cytoprotective mechanism of FTO in preventing apoptosis under hypoxic stress.

Methods

NIH/3T3 cells, MEF cells, and mouse granulosa cells were cultured under hypoxia (1 % O₂) and treated with inhibitors (chloroquine, MG132, cycloheximide) to identify FTO degradation pathways. RNA interference was used to knock down atg7, nedd4, and fto. Mass spectrometry identified FTO-associated proteins, and their interactions with FTO were analyzed with immunoprecipitation assays. FTO localization was examined through nuclear and cytoplasmic fractionation and fluorescence microscopy. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry (annexin V/PI). The role of FTO independent of its m6A demethylase activity was determined by inhibiting FTO function using FB23-2 or an H228A/D230A mutant lacking m6A demethylase activity.

Results

Upon hypoxia exposure, FTO relocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and underwent degradation through a regulatory pathway in which the E1-like ubiquitin-activating enzyme ATG7 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 cooperatively activated both the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagic-lysosomal pathway (ALP) in NIH/3T3 cells, MEF cells, and mouse granulosa cells. Furthermore, knocking down atg7 resulted in FTO accumulation in the cytoplasm, where FTO exerted its protective effect by binding with RACK1, which impairs the interaction between RACK1 and MTK1, thereby blocking activation of JNK1/2 and subsequently preventing apoptosis in hypoxic cells.

Conclusion

This study reveals a novel function of cytoplasmic FTO in disrupting the RACK1-MTK1-JNK1/2-apoptosis cascade during hypoxia, positioning the functional context of FTO at the layer of protein–protein interactions, which extends its mechanistic role beyond RNA demethylation.