Lipoprotein(a), high-sensitivity c-reactive protein, homocysteine and cardiovascular disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Abstract

Background and aims

Elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP), and total homocysteine (tHcy) are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. This study investigated the individual and joint associations of Lp(a), hs-CRP and tHcy with coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke.

Methods

This study was conducted in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort (2000–2017) (CHD analytic N = 6,676; stroke analytic N = 6,674 men and women). Associations between Lp(a) (<50 vs. ≥50 mg/dL), hs-CRP (<2 vs. ≥2 mg/L) and tHcy (<12 vs. ≥12 µmol/L) and CHD and stroke incidence were evaluated individually and jointly using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results

Individually, elevated tHcy was associated with CHD and stroke incidence, Lp(a) with CHD only and hs-CRP with stroke only. In combined analyses, CHD risk was higher when multiple biomarkers were elevated [hs-CRP+Lp(a), hazard ratio (HR)=1.39, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.82; hs-CRP+ tHcy, HR = 1.34, 95 % CI: 1.02, 1.75; Lp(a)+ tHcy HR = 1.58, 95 % CI: 1.08, 2.30; hs-CRP+Lp(a)+ tHcy HR = 2.02, 95 % CI: 1.26, 3.24]. Stroke risk was elevated when hs-CRP and either Lp(a) (HR = 1.51, 95 % CI: 1.02, 2.23) or tHcy (HR = 2.10, 95 % CI: 1.44, 3.06) was also high, when all three biomarkers were elevated (HR = 2.99, 95 % CI: 1.61, 5.58), or when hs-CRP and tHcy (HR = 1.79, 95 % CI: 1.16, 2.76) were both high.

Conclusions

Risk of ASCVD was highest with concomitant elevation of tHcy, hs-CRP and Lp(a). Inclusion of tHcy and consideration of biomarker combination rather than individual biomarker levels may help better identify individuals at greatest risk for ASCVD events.