Exceptional Equatorial Extension of Extreme Indian Ocean Dipole Cooling: Shaping Effect From Strong El Niño

IF 4.6 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Geophysical Research Letters Pub Date : 2025-01-14 DOI:10.1029/2024GL112464
Mingmei Xie, Jia-Zhen Wang, Lei Zhang, Zhaohui Chen
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Abstract

The extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole (EXpIOD) peaking in 2023 boreal fall exhibited the strongest variations in sea level and subsurface temperature in the eastern Indian Ocean (IO), and the most equatorially westward extension of cooling observed during the satellite era to date. Its pattern resembled the 1997 EXpIOD, contrasting with other coastally-concentrated EXpIODs. Here we show that the distinctive air-sea responses of equatorial EXpIODs stem from the energetic central IO zonal winds fueled by concurrent strong El Niños, which were absent in other cases. The exceptionally strong easterly anomaly generates prominent nonlinear vertical advection cooling the central IO, with nonlinear zonal advection and the Ekman feedback playing supportive roles. Current coupled models can capture this Pacific shaping effect, despite with divergent strengths. Under strong El Niño's inter-basin forcing, the westward extension of cooling has profound implications for regional hydrology and coral ecology, and warrants closer attention in future predictions.

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印度洋极端偶极子冷却的异常赤道延伸:强厄尔尼诺的塑造效应Niño
2023年北纬秋季的印度洋极正偶极子(EXpIOD)峰值表明,东印度洋(IO)的海平面和地下温度变化最强烈,并且是迄今为止卫星时代观测到的最赤道西向降温。它的模式类似于1997年的大爆炸,与其他沿海集中的大爆炸形成鲜明对比。在这里,我们发现赤道大爆发的独特海气响应源于由同时发生的强厄尔尼诺Niños推动的高能中央纬向风,而在其他情况下则没有。异常强烈的东风异常产生了显著的非线性垂直平流冷却中央IO,非线性纬向平流和Ekman反馈起支持作用。目前的耦合模型可以捕捉到这种太平洋塑造效应,尽管强度不同。在超强El Niño盆地间强迫作用下,冷却向西延伸对区域水文和珊瑚生态具有深远的影响,值得在未来的预测中予以密切关注。
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来源期刊
Geophysical Research Letters
Geophysical Research Letters 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
9.00
自引率
9.60%
发文量
1588
审稿时长
2.2 months
期刊介绍: Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) publishes high-impact, innovative, and timely research on major scientific advances in all the major geoscience disciplines. Papers are communications-length articles and should have broad and immediate implications in their discipline or across the geosciences. GRLmaintains the fastest turn-around of all high-impact publications in the geosciences and works closely with authors to ensure broad visibility of top papers.
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