Geophysical Research Letters最新文献

{"title":"A Physically Consistent Particle Size Distribution Modeling of the Microphysics of Precipitation for Weather and Climate Models","authors":"Francisco J. Tapiador, Kyuhee Shin, Livia J. Leganés, Kyo-Sun Lim, Gabriela Juárez, Wonbae Bang, Andrés Navarro, Raúl Martín, Sun-Young Park, GyuWon Lee","doi":"10.1029/2025gl118545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118545","url":null,"abstract":"The probability density function of drops is difficult to model. Current approaches make assumptions that are often problematic, as they allow negative values for the mean of the distribution. While the statistical goodness of fit of those models might be reasonable for precipitation radar estimation, the situation is unsatisfactory if a fully consistent physical modeling of precipitation across scales is desired. This is the case of weather and climate models. This paper discusses a model that satisfies mathematical and physical consistency. The model can be seamlessly integrated into the parameterizations of the microphysics of precipitation and is tested on an extensive disdrometer data set. Comparison with existing models shows that the new method has substantial practical and theoretical advantages. The research has implications in elucidating the role of clouds in the climate sensitivity of climate models.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antarctic Meltwater Accelerates Southern Ocean Evolution Under Projected Atmospheric Warming","authors":"Irena Vaňková, Matthew Hoffman, Xylar Asay-Davis, Carolyn Branecky Begeman, Darin Comeau, Stephen F. Price, Jonathan Wolfe","doi":"10.1029/2025gl119952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl119952","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing basal meltwater from Antarctic ice shelves may impact the Southern Ocean properties that feed back on the rate of melting. We investigate this feedback in a high-emissions scenario using an Earth-system model with interactive ice-shelf basal melting, an improvement on previous studies that did not have the capability to evolve melt rates and the ocean state self-consistently. We find that when interactive melt increases, it primarily accelerates the evolution of a spatial pattern of continental shelf warming and cooling that is initiated by freshening and sea-ice formation decline due to projected atmospheric warming. The competition between enhanced warming at depth from reduced ventilation and enhanced continental shelf cooling from reduced dense water export leads to net <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/8e956865-d305-4889-adeb-9c5dbf37e719/grl72028-math-0001.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"48\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/grl72028-math-0001.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"tilde\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl72028:grl72028-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl72028-math-0001.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"tilde\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\">∼</mo></mrow>${sim} $</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>35% reduction in ice-shelf meltwater input into the Southern Ocean over the 21st century. Omitting this feedback introduces a bias in the timing of projected ocean-melt-driven ice loss from Antarctica.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Precision Aftershock Distribution Highlights the Complex Fault Geometry of the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula Earthquake","authors":"Hidenobu Takahashi, Yasuhira Aoyagi, Keisuke Yoshida, Haruo Kimura, Eiji Kurashimo, Shinichi Sakai","doi":"10.1029/2025gl118413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118413","url":null,"abstract":"We deployed 30 temporary seismic stations around the source region of the 2024 <i>M</i>_<i>w</i> 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake to investigate the relationship between mainshock rupture and fault geometry. Using machine learning techniques, we detected and precisely located 46,252 aftershocks, revealing several fault planes corresponding to active faults ruptured during the mainshock. Two subparallel landward-dipping planar structures were identified near the mainshock hypocenter, converging westward to the Wajima-Oki segment. This geometry suggests that complex rupture episodes near the hypocenter resulted from successive ruptures on adjacent fault planes rather than slip on a single plane. At the western edge of the 2024 rupture area, aftershocks extend close to but rarely occur on the fault that ruptured during the 2007 <i>M</i>_<i>w</i> 6.7 earthquake, suggesting that the 2024 earthquake did not re-rupture the same faults of the 2007 earthquake.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tide-Modulated Ocean-to-Earth Energy Conversion Quantified With Coastal Fiber Sensing","authors":"Justin Yen-Ting Ko, Kun-Chi Ho, Chun-Hung Lin, Hsin-Hua Huang, Ho-Han Hsu, Chen-Fen Huang, Hao Kuo-Chen, Hou-Sheng Cheng, Yao Hsu, En-Shi Wu, Hsi-An Chen, Yu-Fang Ma, Hung-Yi Wu, Po-Yin Lin, Yu-Hsian Chen, Wei-Jong Tien, Bo-Yu Siao, Hui-Yu Wu","doi":"10.1029/2025gl120302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl120302","url":null,"abstract":"Quantifying how incident ocean waves transfer energy into seismic surface waves along the nearshore is essential for understanding coastal hazards and Earth–ocean coupling, yet time-resolved in situ estimates have been scarce. Here we use a beach-deployed distributed acoustic sensing array co-located with an ocean-bottom node to directly measure the conversion efficiency from wave impacts to Rayleigh-type ground motion at 4–12 Hz. Frequency–wavenumber analysis, beamforming, and local back-projection consistently locate sources along a fixed, wave-breaking coastal segment, while particle-motion ellipticity confirms the Rayleigh character. Calibrating distributed acoustic sensing strain to ground velocity and combining nearshore wave energetics yields an energy-conversion efficiency on the order of 10⁻⁶. The efficiency is strongly modulated by tide, with high-tide conditions enhancing coupling even though the source region remains stationary. Our results establish a quantitative benchmark for dynamic ocean-to-Earth energy transfer at the land–sea interface and provide a generalizable framework for coastal monitoring using existing fiber infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diverging Spring Warming and Growing Season Shifts Across Eurasia and North America Under Future Climate","authors":"Shuzhen Hu,&nbsp;Lu Wang,&nbsp;Tianjun Zhou,&nbsp;Pang-Chi Hsu,&nbsp;Xiaolong Chen","doi":"10.1029/2025GL120295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL120295","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Springtime warming over Northern Mid-High-latitude Land profoundly affects plant life cycles and water resources, yet large model uncertainty limits climate risk assessment. Here, we develop a novel emergent constraint that targets the key uncertainty source—model divergence in surface-albedo feedback linked to historical snowmelt sensitivity. This approach halves the spread of projected warming and reveals a pronounced geographical asymmetry. Under the high-emission scenario (SSP5-8.5), current climate models underestimate end-of-century warming over Eurasia by 0.80°C but overestimate it over North America by 0.44°C. These refined projections substantially alter ecological outcomes: the start of the growing season is predicted to advance by about 18 days in Eurasia and 8 days in North America, representing a 3-day greater advance and 1-day delay compared with original estimates. Our findings offer a more reliable basis for assessing climate change impacts on ecosystems and water resources and highlight the urgency of region-specific adaptation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"53 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL120295","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146154896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early to Mid-Holocene Cool Temperature-Induced Drought in Asian Interior","authors":"Jiawei Jiang, Huanye Wang, Hu Liu, Guoqiang Chu, Weiguo Liu, Sergey Krivonogov, Zhonghui Liu","doi":"10.1029/2025gl121126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl121126","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroclimatic variations in mid-latitude Asia during the early to mid-Holocene and associated mechanisms remain disputed, hampering our understanding of atmospheric circulation controls on regional climatic changes. We report Holocene alkenone records from two Siberian lakes, documenting lake temperature and hydrological changes, and synthesize records from mid-latitude Asia to address regional hydroclimatic variability. Relatively dry conditions occurred in westerlies-dominated regions and extended to marginal monsoon regions before ∼6,000 a BP, followed by wetting transitions during ∼6,000–5,000 a BP, despite contrasting temperature variations between two regions. We suggest that early to mid-Holocene drought in mid-latitude Asian interior appears to be associated with enhanced anticyclonic system over mid-high latitude Eurasian continent, induced by prevailing cold airmasses, which extended its hydrological control to marginal monsoon regions. Our findings explain the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological changes in mid-latitude Asia, and opposite temperature-moisture associations within westerlies-dominated and marginal monsoon regions during the early to mid-Holocene.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Cretaceous Paleomagnetic and Geochronologic Data From the Antarctic Peninsula: Constraints on the Pre-Opening Tectonic Evolution of the Drake Passage","authors":"Liang Gao, Xinwei Hu, Mengwei Zhang, Xiaoqian Guo, Junling Pei, Zhenyu Yang, Yue Zhao","doi":"10.1029/2025gl120389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl120389","url":null,"abstract":"Reconstructing oroclinal orogens along the Fuegian Andes-northern Antarctic Peninsula provides critical constraints on the pre-opening tectonic evolution of the Drake Passage, although such efforts are limited by a lack of reliable Cretaceous paleomagnetic and geochronological data. Here, we present new paleomagnetic, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar, and apatite U-Pb geochronological data to reconstruct the oroclinal bending of this belt. Our results reveal that oroclinal bending in the northern Antarctic Peninsula (∼67°–63°S) and the Fuegian Andes both occurred at ∼100–90 Ma, mainly driven by compression from the northward-moving Antarctic Peninsula and southeastward-moving Cordillera Darwin Metamorphic Complex. We propose that the orocline Drake Passage boundary primarily formed during this period. This oroclinal weak zone served as a fundamental prerequisite in opening the Drake Passage, facilitating the separation of the Fuegian Andes and Antarctic Peninsula.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"239 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal to Interannual Cross-Scale Energy Transfer Variability: Observational Insight From the Santa Barbara Channel","authors":"Sara Taylor,&nbsp;Andrew F. Thompson,&nbsp;Luke Kachelein,&nbsp;Patrice Klein","doi":"10.1029/2025GL117885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL117885","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Kinetic energy (KE) transfer between spatial scales contributes to the ocean's energy budget by linking scales of KE supply and KE dissipation. Numerical simulations have indicated that for scales smaller than the baroclinic deformation radius, cross-scale KE transfer has complex spatial and temporal variability, modulated by mixed layer properties, fronts, and eddies. Here, over a decade of upper-ocean surface velocity data, collected from high-frequency radar within the Santa Barbara Channel, are used to estimate cross-scale KE transfer. The transfer of KE across 7 km has strong seasonal and interannual variations linked to energy exchange with the atmosphere. This study observationally confirms (a) the importance of the surface divergence field in determining the direction of the KE transfer and (b) the equi-partitioning of KE transfer between divergent and straining motions. The temporal variability in KE transfer suggests that surface forcing influences the long-term redistribution of energy between scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"53 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL117885","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146154894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Martian Atmospheric Loss Through Foreshock Transient Events","authors":"Alexandros C. Cooke-Politikos, Sergey Shuvalov, Yaxue Dong, Yi Qi, David A. Brain, Jasper S. Halekas","doi":"10.1029/2025gl120618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl120618","url":null,"abstract":"At Mars, the MAVEN spacecraft has made observations of Hot Flow Anomalies (HFAs) in the foreshock. Due to the bow shock's proximity to the planet, it is theorized that HFAs contribute to atmospheric escape at Mars through the excavation of ionospheric ions. A case study investigates one HFA observation, with parameters suggesting a novel mechanism for planetary ion extraction. The event is further characterized by elevated number densities of &lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/1a45c7bf-c36a-4bab-b8fb-e19131ab5516/grl72041-math-0001.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"133\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"&gt;&lt;mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/grl72041-math-0001.png\"&gt;&lt;mjx-semantics&gt;&lt;mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"normal upper O Superscript plus\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"&gt;&lt;mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mi&gt;&lt;mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: 0.363em;\"&gt;&lt;mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" size=\"s\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mo&gt;&lt;/mjx-script&gt;&lt;/mjx-msup&gt;&lt;/mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;/mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;/mjx-semantics&gt;&lt;/mjx-math&gt;&lt;mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"&gt;&lt;math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl72041:grl72041-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl72041-math-0001.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"normal upper O Superscript plus\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"&gt;&lt;mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\"&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\"&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;${mathrm{O}}^{+}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/mjx-assistive-mml&gt;&lt;/mjx-container&gt; and &lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/3f883c89-45a8-4785-94e5-474c2fc4584c/grl72041-math-0002.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"134\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"&gt;&lt;mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/grl72041-math-0002.png\"&gt;&lt;mjx-semantics&gt;&lt;mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;mjx-msubsup data-semantic-children=\"0,1,2\" data-semantic-collapsed=\"(4 (3 0 1) 2)\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"normal upper O 2 Superscript plus\" data-semantic-type=\"subsup\"&gt;&lt;mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semanti","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pivotal Role of Cloud-Planetary Boundary Layer Coupling to Explain Contrasting Aerosol-Cloud Relationships","authors":"Jiannong Quan, Yangang Liu, Yang Gao, Tianning Su, Yubing Pan, Pengkun Ma, Qianqian Wang, Xingcan Jia","doi":"10.1029/2025gl119748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl119748","url":null,"abstract":"The radiative effect of aerosol on cloud albedo via altering cloud droplet effective radius (<i>r</i>_<i>e</i>) is a major uncertainty in the Earth's climate system. Remote sensing studies have reported either negative or positive relationships between <i>r</i>_<i>e</i> and aerosol number concentration (<i>N</i>_<i>a</i>) or other aerosol proxies. However, there are much fewer in situ observational evidences and physical explanation remains elusive for the contrasting <i>N</i>_<i>a</i>-<i>r</i>_<i>e</i> relationships. Here we quantify the <i>N</i>_<i>a</i>-<i>r</i>_<i>e</i> relationship by using in situ aircraft measurements, together with a <i>r</i>_<i>e</i> decomposition method. Our analysis reveals that the cloud-planetary boundary layer (<i>PBL</i>) coupling plays a pivotal role on the <i>N</i>_<i>a</i>-<i>r</i>_<i>e</i> relationship. Quantitative <i>r</i>_<i>e</i> decomposition indicates that the contrasting <i>N</i>_<i>a</i>-<i>r</i>_<i>e</i> relationships in two cloud-<i>PBL</i> coupling regimes result from different balances of four distinct aspects. The widely recognized number effect may be outweighed by the joint effects of the remaining three that have been rarely investigated and largely ignored in <i>N</i>_<i>a</i>-<i>r</i>_<i>e</i> parameterizations.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}