Alternative Powertrains and Fuels in Heavy Non-Road Mobile Machinery and Their Future Expectations - A Review

IF 9 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Current Forestry Reports Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI:10.1007/s40725-024-00244-2

Jarkko Pesonen, Robert Prinz, Heikki Ovaskainen, Pertti Kauranen, Asko Poikela, Kalle Kärhä

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Abstract

Purpose of the Review

This literature review focused on studies on alternative powertrains and fuels of non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) during the last 15 years and investigated their future potential and expectations. The goal was to evaluate different alternative powertrains based on previous research and highlight the possibilities and challenges of each technology. Additionally, the aim was to conduct a comprehensive overview about the technology development phase of alternative powertrains.

Recent Findings

This review covered a total of 115 studies consisting of hybrid, full-electric, biofuels, biogas, and hydrogen solutions. The results highlighted that hybrid and full-electric technologies have the greatest potential to replace conventional diesel engines in the future. The main challenges identified were battery reliability and high technology costs. Regarding biofuel, biogas, and hydrogen, the benefits were mainly lower emissions while the challenges were high costs and low production. Full-electric and hydrogen powertrains were found to reach zero local emissions during operations, while compared to diesel, repair and maintenance caused less emissions of 36–46% during the life cycle with full-electric and hydrogen solutions. With hybrid, biofuels, and biogas powertrains, the emission reduction potential ranged from 37 to 81% during operations and 36–66% during the entire life cycle. The highest Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) were identified for hybrid and full-electric technologies in industrial machinery (6.9–7.4). The lowest measurable TRL (2.5) was with biogas powered construction machinery. The TRLs of biogas and hydrogen of forest machinery were excluded from this review due to the lack of research.

Summary

Alternative powertrains can eventually replace diesel engines, if the challenges with implementation, production, and reliability are solved. Furthermore, the benefits of electric and renewable technologies/fuels are unambiguous from the emission reduction and energy efficiency perspectives. Consequently, we recommend that future research focus especially on the implementation of alternative technologies as well as the improvement of the manufacturing infrastructure.

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重型非道路移动机械的替代动力系统和燃料及其未来展望——综述

本文综述了近15年来关于非道路移动机械（NRMM）替代动力系统和燃料的研究，并探讨了它们的未来潜力和期望。目的是在之前研究的基础上评估不同的替代动力系统，并强调每种技术的可能性和挑战。此外，会议的目的是对替代动力系统的技术发展阶段进行全面概述。最近的发现本综述涵盖了115项研究，包括混合动力、全电动、生物燃料、沼气和氢解决方案。研究结果强调，混合动力和全电动技术在未来取代传统柴油发动机的潜力最大。确定的主要挑战是电池可靠性和高技术成本。对于生物燃料、沼气和氢气，其好处主要是减少排放，而挑战是高成本和低产量。研究发现，全电动和氢动力系统在运行过程中达到零排放，而与柴油动力系统相比，全电动和氢动力系统在整个生命周期内的维修和维护排放减少了36-46%。使用混合动力、生物燃料和沼气动力系统，车辆在运行期间的减排潜力为37%至81%，在整个生命周期内的减排潜力为36%至66%。工业机械中混合动力和全电动技术的技术就绪水平（trl）最高（6.9-7.4）。可测TRL（2.5）最低的是由沼气驱动的工程机械。由于缺乏研究，森林机械的沼气和氢气的TRLs被排除在本综述之外。如果解决了实施、生产和可靠性方面的挑战，替代动力系统最终将取代柴油发动机。此外，从减少排放和提高能源效率的角度来看，电力和可再生技术/燃料的好处是明确的。因此，我们建议未来的研究特别关注替代技术的实施以及制造基础设施的改进。

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来源期刊

Current Forestry Reports Agricultural and Biological Sciences-Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

CiteScore

15.90

自引率

2.10%

发文量

期刊介绍： Current Forestry Reports features in-depth review articles written by global experts on significant advancements in forestry. Its goal is to provide clear, insightful, and balanced contributions that highlight and summarize important topics for forestry researchers and managers. To achieve this, the journal appoints international authorities as Section Editors in various key subject areas like physiological processes, tree genetics, forest management, remote sensing, and wood structure and function. These Section Editors select topics for which leading experts contribute comprehensive review articles that focus on new developments and recently published papers of great importance. Moreover, an international Editorial Board evaluates the yearly table of contents, suggests articles of special interest to their specific country or region, and ensures that the topics are up-to-date and include emerging research.