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Conifer Defences against Pathogens and Pests — Mechanisms, Breeding, and Management 针叶树对病原体和害虫的防御-机制,繁殖和管理
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00201-5
Melissa H. Mageroy, Nina E. Nagy, Arne Steffenrem, Paal Krokene, Ari M. Hietala

Purpose of Review

Forestry in northern temperate and boreal regions relies heavily on conifers. Rapid climate change and associated increases in adverse growing conditions predispose conifers to pathogens and pests. The much longer generation time and presumably, therefore, lower adaptive capacity of conifers relative to their native or non-native biotic stressors may have devastating consequences. We provide an updated overview of conifer defences underlying pathogen and pest resistance and discuss how defence traits can be used in tree breeding and forest management to improve resistance.

Recent Findings

Breeding of more resilient and stress-resistant trees will benefit from new genomic tools, such as genotyping arrays with increased genomic coverage, which will aid in genomic and relationship-based selection strategies. However, to successfully increase the resilience of conifer forests, improved genetic materials from breeding programs must be combined with more flexible and site-specific adaptive forest management.

Summary

Successful breeding programs to improve conifer resistance to pathogens and pests provide hope as well as valuable lessons: with a coordinated and sustained effort, increased resistance can be achieved. However, mechanisms underlying resistance against one stressor, even if involving many genes, may not provide any protection against other sympatric stressors. To maintain the adaptive capacity of conifer forests, it is important to keep high genetic diversity in the tree breeding programs. Choosing forest management options that include diversification of tree-species and forest structure and are coupled with the use of genetically improved plants and assisted migration is a proactive measure to increase forest resistance and resilience to foreseen and unanticipated biotic stressors in a changing climate.

北温带和寒带地区的林业主要依赖针叶树。快速的气候变化和相关的不利生长条件的增加使针叶树容易受到病原体和害虫的侵害。相对于原生或非原生的生物压力源,较长的世代时间和较低的适应能力可能会带来毁灭性的后果。我们提供了最新的概述针叶树防御潜在的病原体和害虫抗性,并讨论如何防御性状可以用于树木育种和森林管理,以提高抗性。最近的发现培育更具抗逆性和抗逆性的树木将受益于新的基因组工具,例如增加基因组覆盖率的基因分型阵列,这将有助于基因组和基于关系的选择策略。然而,为了成功地提高针叶林的恢复力,必须将来自育种计划的改良遗传物质与更灵活和针对特定地点的适应性森林管理相结合。提高针叶树对病原体和害虫的抗性的成功育种计划提供了希望和宝贵的经验:通过协调和持续的努力,可以实现增强抗性。然而,对一种压力源的潜在抵抗机制,即使涉及许多基因,也可能不提供任何针对其他同域压力源的保护。为了保持针叶林的适应能力,在树木育种中保持高度的遗传多样性是非常重要的。选择包括树种和森林结构多样化,并结合使用基因改良植物和辅助迁移的森林管理办法,是在气候变化中增强森林对可预见和不可预见的生物压力源的抵抗力和复原力的一项积极措施。
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引用次数: 0
Application of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Forest and Wood Products 近红外光谱在森林和木制品中的应用
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00203-3
Satoru Tsuchikawa, Tetsuya Inagaki, Te Ma

Purpose of Review

Forest and wood products are often characterized by a uniformity of quality attributes, which necessitates the development of rapid and non-destructive quality evaluation methods to ensure their optimal quality. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) represents a highly suitable approach for the characterization of organic compounds, and is generally combined with sophisticated multivariate analysis methods. This review article presents a range of scientific and technical reports showcasing the successful use of NIRS for evaluating forest and wood products, mainly published within the past 5 years.

Recent Findings

Continuous advancements in spectral imaging techniques and the integration of big-data analytics have greatly enhanced the capabilities of NIR instrumentation, enabling its widespread application across diverse fields. Although NIR spectral imaging methods do have some limitations when it comes to online grading, they can still be used to test small quantities of samples at a batch level. Moreover, the ever-increasing use of handheld devices has made NIRS easily accessible.

Summary

We aim to provide a summary of new research in basic spectroscopic research, integrating the improvements of spectral imaging methods and big-data analytics. Furthermore, low-cost and portable devices have been produced, enabling remote analysis and further expanding the scope of NIRS applications. Looking forward, we anticipate that continued advancements in this field will enable even wider applications of NIRS for online or at-line quality monitoring in diverse fields.

森林和木制品往往具有质量属性均匀的特点,这就需要开发快速、无损的质量评价方法来确保其最佳质量。近红外光谱(NIRS)是一种非常适合用于表征有机化合物的方法,通常与复杂的多元分析方法相结合。这篇综述文章介绍了一系列科学和技术报告,展示了近红外光谱在评估森林和木材产品方面的成功应用,主要是在过去5年内发表的。光谱成像技术的不断进步和大数据分析的集成极大地增强了近红外仪器的能力,使其在不同领域的广泛应用成为可能。尽管近红外光谱成像方法在在线分级方面确实存在一些局限性,但它们仍然可以用于批量测试少量样品。此外,越来越多的手持设备的使用使得近红外光谱很容易获得。结合光谱成像方法和大数据分析技术的发展,综述了基础光谱研究的最新进展。此外,已经生产出低成本和便携式设备,使远程分析成为可能,并进一步扩大了近红外光谱的应用范围。展望未来,我们预计该领域的持续发展将使近红外光谱在各种领域的在线或在线质量监测中得到更广泛的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in Modified Wood-Based Adsorbents for Contaminant Removal: Valorization Methods, Modification Mechanisms, and Environmental Applications 改性木基吸附剂的污染物去除研究进展:增值方法、改性机理和环境应用
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00200-6
Mina Keshvardoostchokami, Flavia Lega Braghiroli, Carmen Mihaela Neculita, Ahmed Koubaa

Purpose of Review

Wood-based adsorbents are increasingly used for environmental applications. They demonstrate considerable advantages, including renewable feedstock, relatively simple preparation processes, and advantageous structural and surface properties. In short, they provide environmentally friendly, effective, and economical sources for contaminant removal. This review summarizes recent advances in the preparation and use of selected modified wood-based residues (biochar, ash, and cellulose) as adsorbents for environmental applications (water, air, and soil remediation).

Recent Findings

Although chemical modifications have produced better results for wood-based adsorbents, the inherent corrosion problems and safety issues have made physical modifications more feasible on an industrial scale. For environmental remediation, inorganic contaminants can be removed by raw and modified wood-based adsorbents, mainly via electrostatic interaction, surface complexation, pore filling, and ion exchange. Organic contaminants are removed via van der Waals forces between unsaturated polycyclic molecules, pore filling, and hydrogen bonding. Specific surface area and porosity are critical parameters for effective contaminant adsorption, mostly from water and air. A comparison of wood-based residues used for wastewater treatment ranked the efficiency as ash > cellulose > biochar versus cellulose > biochar > ash for air remediation. Adding modified wood residues to soil enhances the fertility and biological characteristics in addition to remediation. Moreover, spent wood-based adsorbents can be used in construction materials, soil fertilizers, and catalysts.

Summary

This review summarizes classical and new physical and chemical methods for modifying wood adsorbents and the impacts on physiochemical characteristics such as porosity, pore volume, surface area, and surface functional groups. Also addressed are the adsorption capacity and efficiency of raw and modified wood adsorbents for removing contaminants from synthetic effluents, mine water, air, and soil. Valorization methods for spent modified wood-based adsorbents are then outlined. Suggestions and prospects are given for future studies on environmental decontamination by wood residues.

木基吸附剂在环境方面的应用越来越广泛。它们表现出相当大的优势,包括可再生原料,相对简单的制备工艺,以及有利的结构和表面性能。简而言之,它们为污染物去除提供了环保、有效和经济的来源。本文综述了改性木基残留物(生物炭、灰分和纤维素)作为环境应用(水、空气和土壤修复)吸附剂的制备和使用的最新进展。最近的发现虽然化学改性对木质吸附剂产生了更好的效果,但固有的腐蚀问题和安全问题使得物理改性在工业规模上更加可行。在环境修复中,原材和改性木基吸附剂可以去除无机污染物,主要是通过静电相互作用、表面络合、孔隙填充和离子交换。有机污染物通过不饱和多环分子之间的范德华力,孔隙填充和氢键来去除。比表面积和孔隙率是有效吸附污染物(主要来自水和空气)的关键参数。一项用于废水处理的木质残留物的比较将其效率列为灰和纤维素生物炭与纤维素生物炭灰进行空气修复。在土壤中加入改性木渣除了修复外,还能提高土壤的肥力和生物特性。此外,废木材吸附剂可用于建筑材料、土壤肥料和催化剂。综述了改性木材吸附剂的经典物理化学方法和新的物理化学方法,以及它们对木材吸附剂孔隙度、孔隙体积、表面积和表面官能团等理化特性的影响。还讨论了原料和改性木材吸附剂对从合成废水、矿井水、空气和土壤中去除污染物的吸附能力和效率。然后概述了废改性木基吸附剂的增值方法。最后,对木材残馀物净化环境的研究提出了建议和展望。
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引用次数: 0
Contributions of Intraspecific Variation to Drought Tolerance in Trees 种内变异对树木抗旱性的贡献
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-09-22 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00199-w
Antonio Gazol, Alex Fajardo, J. Julio Camarero

Purpose of Review

The capacity of woody plants to cope with climate change depends on their adjustments to changing environmental conditions by phenotypic plasticity or by genotypic changes (i.e., local adaptation). To determine whether intraspecific trait variation (ITV) translates into resistance or tolerance to drought and eventually how it relates to performance when facing drought, we reviewed the recent literature on the intraspecific variation in woody plant functional traits along aridity gradients.

Recent Findings

At the intraspecific level, functional traits vary along aridity gradients, but this variation depends on the considered trait and species. While ITV is ubiquitous and of relevant magnitude, its relationship with tree performance in the case of growth or survival is unclear and very idiosyncratic.

Summary

ITV varies along aridity gradients and, for several traits, is of comparable magnitude as interspecific trait variation. However, the relationship between ITV and tree performance is not consistent among species. This makes the use of ITV challenging when quantifying its contribution to drought tolerance.

木本植物应对气候变化的能力取决于它们通过表型可塑性或基因型变化(即局部适应)来适应不断变化的环境条件。为了确定种内性状变异(ITV)是否转化为对干旱的抗性或耐受性,以及它最终如何与干旱时的表现相关,我们回顾了最近关于木本植物功能性状沿干旱梯度的种内变异的文献。在种内水平上,功能性状沿干旱梯度变化,但这种变化取决于所考虑的性状和物种。虽然ITV无处不在,而且具有相关的重要性,但在树木生长或存活的情况下,它与树木表现的关系尚不清楚,而且非常特殊。itv沿干旱梯度变化,对于一些性状,其量级与种间性状变异相当。然而,不同树种间ITV与树木性能的关系并不一致。这使得ITV在量化其对耐旱性的贡献时具有挑战性。
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引用次数: 0
Criteria for Assessing the Sustainability of Logging Operations—A Systematic Review 采伐作业可持续性评估标准——系统综述
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00198-x
Julian Grünberg, Mohammad Reza Ghaffariyan, Meghdad Jourgholami, Eric R. Labelle, Nopparat Kaakkurivaara, Renato Cesar Gonçalves Robert, Martin Kühmaier

Purpose of Review

The comprehensive assessment of timber and fuelwood harvesting operations through the consideration of the three pillars of sustainability: Economic, social, and environmental has not received much attention. The use of criteria can significantly improve impact assessment. Therefore, the objective of this review paper is to compile and analyze the most commonly used criteria and indicators for each dimension of sustainability in logging operations over the last 6 years. This review provides an overview of these criteria for different harvesting machines, geographical areas, slope classes, time periods, types of research, and silvicultural treatments.

Recent Findings

The environmental pillar was the most studied (46%), followed by the economic pillar (38%). Productivity was the most investigated criterion (15%). On the one hand, productivity is linked to the environmental and social pillars, as it is related to the level of greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and the employment rate. However, productivity is mainly used as a criterion of financial interest, as it is most often studied in combination with costs. In addition to productivity, the other most frequently examined criteria were costs (10%), soil nutrients (9.5%), and soil compaction (9%). The social dimension was the least studied pillar (16%). This may be due to a lack of knowledge of social sustainability issues in this area.

Summary

Sustainability is achieved when all three dimensions are balanced. The results of this review show an imbalance, with economic and environmental aspects being weighted more heavily than social aspects. Balancing all three dimensions typically requires an assessment of trade-offs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the criteria that have been studied to date and can be used as a checklist and guideline for future sustainability assessments of harvesting operations.

通过考虑可持续性的三大支柱:经济、社会和环境,对木材和薪材采伐作业进行综合评估的做法尚未得到太多关注。标准的使用可以显著改善影响评估。因此,本审查文件的目的是汇编和分析过去6年来伐木作业可持续性各方面最常用的标准和指标。本文综述了不同采伐机械、地理区域、坡度等级、时间周期、研究类型和造林处理的标准。最近的发现研究最多的是环境支柱(46%),其次是经济支柱(38%)。生产率是被调查最多的标准(15%)。一方面,生产力与环境和社会支柱有关,因为它与温室气体排放水平、能源消耗和就业率有关。然而,生产力主要被用作经济利益的标准,因为它通常与成本结合在一起进行研究。除了生产力,其他最常检查的标准是成本(10%),土壤养分(9.5%)和土壤压实(9%)。社会层面是研究最少的支柱(16%)。这可能是由于对这一领域的社会可持续性问题缺乏了解。当所有三个方面都达到平衡时,可持续发展就实现了。这次审查的结果显示出一种不平衡,经济和环境方面的权重高于社会方面。平衡所有三个维度通常需要对权衡进行评估。这份审查报告全面总结了迄今为止所研究的各项标准,可作为今后对采收作业的可持续性评价的核对表和准则。
{"title":"Criteria for Assessing the Sustainability of Logging Operations—A Systematic Review","authors":"Julian Grünberg, Mohammad Reza Ghaffariyan, Meghdad Jourgholami, Eric R. Labelle, Nopparat Kaakkurivaara, Renato Cesar Gonçalves Robert, Martin Kühmaier","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00198-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00198-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>The comprehensive assessment of timber and fuelwood harvesting operations through the consideration of the three pillars of sustainability: Economic, social, and environmental has not received much attention. The use of criteria can significantly improve impact assessment. Therefore, the objective of this review paper is to compile and analyze the most commonly used criteria and indicators for each dimension of sustainability in logging operations over the last 6 years. This review provides an overview of these criteria for different harvesting machines, geographical areas, slope classes, time periods, types of research, and silvicultural treatments.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>The environmental pillar was the most studied (46%), followed by the economic pillar (38%). Productivity was the most investigated criterion (15%). On the one hand, productivity is linked to the environmental and social pillars, as it is related to the level of greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and the employment rate. However, productivity is mainly used as a criterion of financial interest, as it is most often studied in combination with costs. In addition to productivity, the other most frequently examined criteria were costs (10%), soil nutrients (9.5%), and soil compaction (9%). The social dimension was the least studied pillar (16%). This may be due to a lack of knowledge of social sustainability issues in this area.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Sustainability is achieved when all three dimensions are balanced. The results of this review show an imbalance, with economic and environmental aspects being weighted more heavily than social aspects. Balancing all three dimensions typically requires an assessment of trade-offs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the criteria that have been studied to date and can be used as a checklist and guideline for future sustainability assessments of harvesting operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"4 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49697210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Meta-analysis of Soil Susceptibility to Machinery-Induced Compaction in Forest Ecosystems Across Global Climatic Zones 全球气候带森林生态系统土壤对机械压实敏感性的meta分析
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00197-y
M. Nazari, Emmanuel Arthur, Mathieu Lamandé, Thomas Keller, Nataliya Bilyera, Samuel Bickel
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引用次数: 1
Recent Developments and Trends in Sustainable and Functional Wood Coatings 可持续和功能性木器涂料的最新发展和趋势
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-08-16 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00195-0
V. Landry, G. Boivin, Diane Schorr, Marie Mottoul, A. Mary, Liza Abid, Maylis Carrère, B. Laratte
{"title":"Recent Developments and Trends in Sustainable and Functional Wood Coatings","authors":"V. Landry, G. Boivin, Diane Schorr, Marie Mottoul, A. Mary, Liza Abid, Maylis Carrère, B. Laratte","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00195-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00195-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44765639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Review of Potential Innovation Pathways to Enhance Resilience in Wood-Based Value Chains 增强木材价值链弹性的潜在创新途径综述
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-07-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00191-4
A. Hoeben, T. Stern, F. Lloret
{"title":"A Review of Potential Innovation Pathways to Enhance Resilience in Wood-Based Value Chains","authors":"A. Hoeben, T. Stern, F. Lloret","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00191-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00191-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42338878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Gremmeniella abietina: a Loser in the Warmer World or Still a Threat to Forestry? Gremmeniella abietina:温暖世界的失败者还是对林业的威胁?
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-07-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00193-2
C. Romeralo, L. Botella, O. Santamaría, J. Diez, G. Laflamme
{"title":"Gremmeniella abietina: a Loser in the Warmer World or Still a Threat to Forestry?","authors":"C. Romeralo, L. Botella, O. Santamaría, J. Diez, G. Laflamme","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00193-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00193-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48039613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Stakeholders’ Perspectives of Species Diversity in Tree Plantations: a Global Review 利益相关者对植树造林物种多样性的看法:全球综述
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-07-19 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00194-1
Leticia Bulascoschi Cagnoni, Emanuela W. A. Weidlich, J. Guillemot, Carla Morselo, M. Weih, Anneli Adler, P. Brancalion
{"title":"Stakeholders’ Perspectives of Species Diversity in Tree Plantations: a Global Review","authors":"Leticia Bulascoschi Cagnoni, Emanuela W. A. Weidlich, J. Guillemot, Carla Morselo, M. Weih, Anneli Adler, P. Brancalion","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00194-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00194-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"9 1","pages":"251 - 262"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48995210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Current Forestry Reports
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