Advancing the circular economy by driving sustainable urban mining of end-of-life batteries and technological advancements

Abstract

This paper provides sustainable solutions for the urban mining of end-of-life (EOL) batteries and highlights their significant role in advancing the circular economy. Influenced by geopolitics and investment strategies, establishing a sustainable supply chain can create cost-saving opportunities while meeting the rising demand for battery materials. Urban mining, by recycling valuable metals from EOL batteries, can considerably reduce reliance on new raw materials by providing sustainable resources, thereby facilitating a cleaner energy transition. The research also emphasizes the importance of traceability and emerging innovations, such as the battery passport, which enhance transparency in the supply chain. Additionally, it explores the recycling industry's potential through techno-economic assessments to improve lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling. Despite the challenges faced by different segments of the battery value chain, commercialization and technological advancements present promising opportunities for future development. The emergence of new battery systems or chemistries, such as sodium-ion, solid-state, and lithium-iron-phosphate batteries, must be considered in the further adaptation of existing plants. In conclusion, this paper discusses how the circular economy and urban mining can drive a sustainable, profitable, and resilient future for the LIB industry, ensuring an efficient and environmentally sound approach to the battery revolution.