Klebsiella pneumoniae in stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) of Central California between 2017-2022

IF 2.8 2区生物学 Q1 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY Frontiers in Marine Science Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI:10.3389/fmars.2024.1484944

Sydney N. Zotto, Robin C. Dunkin, Juliana D. Limon, Maia S. Smith, Lisabet M. Hortensius, Margaret E. Martinez, Pádraig J. Duignan, Cara Field, Esteban Soto, Dane Whitaker, Carlos Rios, Maurice Byukusenge, Bhushan Jayarao, Suresh V. Kuchipudi, Amy C. Kinsley

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Abstract

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, and non-motile bacillus frequently observed in mammals. A hypermucoviscous (HMV) phenotype of K. pneumoniae is reported in stranded California sea lions (CSL) causing pleuritis and bronchopneumonia as a persistent cause of strandings. We describe an increase in cases of HMV and non-HMV K. pneumoniae in stranded CSLs along the California coast between 2017 to 2022. 2,146 live-stranded CSLs were rescued by The Marine Mammal Center (Sausalito, California). 47 of these tested positive for K. pneumoniae, with a rise in annual incidence from 0.92% (3/331) in 2017 to 8.5% (14/165) and 7.2% (23/320) in 2021 and 2022, respectively. These strandings occurred across 965 kilometers along the North-Central California coast from Bodega Bay, Sonoma, to Avila Beach, San Luis Obispo. A similar pattern was observed in beach-cast CSL carcasses by the Long Marine Laboratory (LML) Stranding Network in Santa Cruz, California who had 8 CSLs test positive for K. pneumoniae with an annual incidence rate of 2.0% (1/50) and 10.1% (7/69) in 2021 and 2022, respectively, with no cases reported prior to 2021. We applied whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to 8 isolates obtained by LML in 2022. WGS analysis revealed high nucleotide similarity between any pair of isolates. Multilocus Sequence Typing showed that all isolates belonged to Sequence type 65 and contained the K2 polysaccharide capsule and siderophore aerobactin, which are all characteristics of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae. We discuss possible causes for this trend and a need for research on K. pneumoniae in free-ranging CSLs in California.

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2017-2022年加州中部搁浅加州海狮（Zalophus californianus）中的肺炎克雷伯菌

肺炎克雷伯菌是一种革兰氏阴性、兼性厌氧、非运动杆菌，常见于哺乳动物。据报道，滞留加利福尼亚海狮（CSL）中肺炎克雷伯菌的高粘滞（HMV）表型引起胸膜炎和支气管肺炎，这是滞留的持续原因。我们描述了2017年至2022年期间加州海岸搁浅的csl中HMV和非HMV肺炎克雷伯菌病例的增加。2146只搁浅的海洋哺乳动物被加州索萨利托海洋哺乳动物中心救出。其中47人肺炎克雷伯菌检测呈阳性，年发病率分别从2017年的0.92%（3/331）上升至2021年和2022年的8.5%（14/165）和7.2%（23/320）。这些搁浅发生在加州中北部海岸965公里处，从索诺玛的博德加湾到圣路易斯奥比斯波的阿维拉海滩。加州Santa Cruz的Long Marine Laboratory （LML）搁浅网络在海滩投下的CSL尸体中也观察到类似的模式，其中有8只CSL检测呈肺炎克雷伯菌阳性，在2021年和2022年的年发病率分别为2.0%（1/50）和10.1%(7/69)，在2021年之前没有报告病例。我们对2022年通过LML获得的8株分离株进行了全基因组测序（WGS）。WGS分析显示，两株分离物核苷酸高度相似。多位点序列分型表明，所有分离株均属于序列65型，含有K2多糖胶囊和铁噬细胞有氧肌动蛋白，均具有高致病性肺炎克雷伯菌的特征。我们讨论了这一趋势的可能原因，以及对加州放养csl中肺炎克雷伯菌研究的必要性。

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来源期刊

Frontiers in Marine Science Agricultural and Biological Sciences-Aquatic Science

CiteScore

5.10

自引率

16.20%

发文量

2443

审稿时长

14 weeks

期刊介绍： Frontiers in Marine Science publishes rigorously peer-reviewed research that advances our understanding of all aspects of the environment, biology, ecosystem functioning and human interactions with the oceans. Field Chief Editor Carlos M. Duarte at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal is supported by an outstanding Editorial Board of international researchers. This multidisciplinary open-access journal is at the forefront of disseminating and communicating scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries to researchers, academics, policy makers and the public worldwide. With the human population predicted to reach 9 billion people by 2050, it is clear that traditional land resources will not suffice to meet the demand for food or energy, required to support high-quality livelihoods. As a result, the oceans are emerging as a source of untapped assets, with new innovative industries, such as aquaculture, marine biotechnology, marine energy and deep-sea mining growing rapidly under a new era characterized by rapid growth of a blue, ocean-based economy. The sustainability of the blue economy is closely dependent on our knowledge about how to mitigate the impacts of the multiple pressures on the ocean ecosystem associated with the increased scale and diversification of industry operations in the ocean and global human pressures on the environment. Therefore, Frontiers in Marine Science particularly welcomes the communication of research outcomes addressing ocean-based solutions for the emerging challenges, including improved forecasting and observational capacities, understanding biodiversity and ecosystem problems, locally and globally, effective management strategies to maintain ocean health, and an improved capacity to sustainably derive resources from the oceans.