Advances and trends in compressed fluid extraction to recovering bioactive compounds from avocado: Effect of extraction parameters, biological properties, and applications

Abstract

Avocado is widely recognized for its rich nutritional profile and as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with well-established health benefits. Traditional extraction methods, however, often involve the use of harmful solvents, extended processing times, and high temperatures, which can degrade heat-sensitive compounds. To overcome these challenges, advanced extraction techniques such as pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) have been employed to efficiently recover bioactive compounds from avocado. This review evaluates the performance of these techniques and examines key process variables, including temperature, pressure, solvent flow rate, solvent-to-feed mass ratio (S/F), the use of co-solvents, particle size, and moisture content. Additionally, it explores the biological properties of the extracts and their potential applications. The findings highlight that PLE and SFE are highly effective in extracting a diverse range of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, and carotenoids. These extracts exhibit notable anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The advantages of these methods include reduced extraction times, lower solvent consumption, and improved preservation of thermolabile compounds. However, the high cost of equipment remains a significant drawback for industrial-scale implementation. In conclusion, PLE and SFE represent sustainable and efficient strategies for the comprehensive valorization of avocado, with significant potential for the development of high-value natural ingredients. Future research should focus on multiparametric process optimization, assessment of industrial scalability, extensive in vivo studies, the creation of specific applications across various industries, and comparative sustainability analyses against conventional methods.