Environmental justice mapping tools in the United States: A review of national and state tools.

Abstract

Environmental justice (EJ) mapping tools are geographic information system (GIS)-based digital maps that integrate environmental, socioeconomic, health, and demographic data to identify areas experiencing environmental injustices. These tools are increasingly used to guide investments toward disadvantaged communities. This review examines 25 EJ tools, describing their functionalities, coverage, and indicator types, ranging from biological susceptibilities to socioeconomic and environmental factors. We discuss the tools' resolutions, update frequencies, and data breadth, emphasizing their role in informing EJ interventions. However, gaps exist, particularly in the underrepresentation of U.S. territories and the limited inclusion of communicable diseases and climate impacts. This underscores the need for more comprehensive tools that consider diverse health risks and socio-environmental factors. Cumulative impact assessments should be integrated into EJ tools, incorporating a broad spectrum of indicators to capture the multifaceted nature of environmental injustices. Community engagement is also crucial in developing and updating EJ tools to ensure they accurately reflect community needs and conditions. By addressing these recommendations, EJ tools can better serve as effective instruments for highlighting and mitigating environmental disparities, supporting broader environmental justice and health equity goals.