Regulatory Trends of Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Pesticides in Cannabis and Applications of the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database and Caenorhabditis elegans.
Albert B Rivera, Ariell B Stephens, Kendra D Conrow, Symone T Griffith, Laura E Jameson, Thomas M Cahill, Shreesh R Sammi, Mathew R Swinburne, Jason R Cannon, Maxwell C K Leung
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides are common contaminants in cannabis. Due to the status of cannabis as an illicit Schedule I substance at the federal level, there are no unified national guidelines in the U.S. to mitigate the health risk of pesticide exposure in cannabis. Here, we examined the change in the state-level regulations of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in cannabis. The medians of pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticides specified by each state-level jurisdiction increased from zero pesticide in 2019 to 4.5 pyrethroid and 7 organophosphate pesticides in 2023, respectively. Next, we evaluated the potential connections between pyrethroids, organophosphates, cannabinoids, and Parkinson's disease using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). Eleven pyrethroids, 30 organophosphates, and 14 cannabinoids were associated with 95 genes to form 3,237 inferred and curated Chemical-Gene-Phenotype-Disease tetramers. Using a behavioral repulsion assay with the whole organism model Caenorhabditis elegans, we examined the effect of cannabinoids and insecticides on depleting dopamine synthesis. Exposure to chlorpyrifos and permethrin, but not Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), results in dose-dependent effects on 1-nonanol repulsive behaviors in C. elegans, indicating dopaminergic neurotoxicity (p < 0.01). Dose-dependent effects of chlorpyrifos are different in the presence of Δ9-THC and CBD (p < 0.001). As a proof of concept, this study demonstrated how to use new approach methodologies such as C. elegans and the CTD to inform further testing and pesticide regulations in cannabis by chemical class.
期刊介绍：
The mission of Toxicological Sciences, the official journal of the Society of Toxicology, is to publish a broad spectrum of impactful research in the field of toxicology.
The primary focus of Toxicological Sciences is on original research articles. The journal also provides expert insight via contemporary and systematic reviews, as well as forum articles and editorial content that addresses important topics in the field.
The scope of Toxicological Sciences is focused on a broad spectrum of impactful toxicological research that will advance the multidisciplinary field of toxicology ranging from basic research to model development and application, and decision making. Submissions will include diverse technologies and approaches including, but not limited to: bioinformatics and computational biology, biochemistry, exposure science, histopathology, mass spectrometry, molecular biology, population-based sciences, tissue and cell-based systems, and whole-animal studies. Integrative approaches that combine realistic exposure scenarios with impactful analyses that move the field forward are encouraged.
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