Comparison of fluoride level between mother's milk and infant formula milk - a global systematic review and dental fluorosis risk assessment.

IF 2.2 3区农林科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-24 DOI:10.1080/19440049.2025.2453814

Peiyao Wang, Huishi Ye, Jiaxin Ye, Zijun Liang, Guiping Luo, Baihua Xu

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Abstract

Dental Fluorosis (DF) is one of the negative outcomes of excessive fluoride (F) intake through food sources. This systematic review aimed to compare F content in two important food sources for infants, Mother's Milk (MoM) and Infant Formula (IF), and then evaluate the risk of DF related to F in those two types of food. For this purpose, 181 studies were initially found by searching the relevant keywords in widely recognized databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed. Then, 29 final studies were selected considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that the F level of MoM in five out of nine (55.5%) studies and its overall average worldwide does not comply with the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guideline (100 µg/L). Therefore, MoM's value of F must be continuously monitored, and risk mitigation solutions must be used to reduce F. Accordingly, tracking F in drinking water, tea, and food consumed by lactating mothers (LMs) was the essential measure that could lead to the reduction of F of MoM. The level of F of IF was much lower than its value in MoM. The estimated hazard quotient (HQ) of DF for both types of food was lower than the acceptable level (HQ = 1), but, due to other sources of F intake, it is necessary to use control solutions to reduce the level of F in MoM and IF consumed by infants.

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母乳和婴儿配方奶之间的氟化物水平比较——全球系统评价和氟斑牙风险评估。

氟牙症（DF）是通过食物来源摄入过量氟化物(F)的负面后果之一。本系统综述旨在比较两种重要的婴儿食物来源——母乳（MoM）和婴儿配方奶粉（IF）中的F含量，并评估这两种食物中与F相关的DF风险。为此，通过在谷歌Scholar、Scopus、Science Direct、PubMed等广泛认可的数据库中搜索相关关键词，初步找到181篇研究。然后，根据纳入和排除标准，最终选择29项研究。结果显示，9项研究中有5项（55.5%）的MoM的F水平及其全球总体平均值不符合欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）的指南（100 μ g/L）。因此，必须持续监测母亲的F值，并采用风险缓解方案来降低F值。因此，跟踪哺乳母亲（LMs）所消耗的饮用水、茶和食物中的F值是可能导致母亲F值降低的必要措施。IF的F水平远低于MoM的值。两种食物中DF的估计危害商（HQ）低于可接受水平（HQ = 1），但是，由于其他来源的F摄入，有必要使用对照溶液来降低婴儿摄入的MoM和IF中的F水平。

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来源期刊

Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment CHEMISTRY, APPLIED-FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

CiteScore

7.40

自引率

6.90%

发文量

136

审稿时长

3 months

期刊介绍： Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A publishes original research papers and critical reviews covering analytical methodology, occurrence, persistence, safety evaluation, detoxification and regulatory control of natural and man-made additives and contaminants in the food and animal feed chain. Papers are published in the areas of food additives including flavourings, pesticide and veterinary drug residues, environmental contaminants, plant toxins, mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, trace elements, migration from food packaging, food process contaminants, adulteration, authenticity and allergenicity of foods. Papers are published on animal feed where residues and contaminants can give rise to food safety concerns. Contributions cover chemistry, biochemistry and bioavailability of these substances, factors affecting levels during production, processing, packaging and storage; the development of novel foods and processes; exposure and risk assessment.