Acrocyanosis: The Least Known Acrosyndrome Revisited With a Dermatologic Perspective.

Abstract

Background: Acrocyanosis is a functional peripheral vascular disorder, currently categorized under the canopy of acrosyndromes, i.e., a group of clinically similar and significantly overlapping vascular disorders involving the acral skin. The disorder might be primary or secondary, depending on the cause. Recently, there has been a remarkable surge in acrocyanosis prevalence along with the COVID-19 pandemic. Both COVID-19 infection and vaccines for COVID-19 have been affixed to the list of disorders instigating acrocyanosis. Objectives: The goal of this narrative review was to evaluate the existing literature, project acrocyanosis from the viewpoint of dermatologists in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, and assess the need for targeted research, education, and/or clinical practice. Methods: An English literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google. All abstracts on acrocyanosis, irrespective of the article type and publication date, were retrieved and reviewed and those most relevant for the focus of this article were selected and summarized. Discussion/Results: A narrative review was carried out. There is paucity of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies on acrocyanosis in the English literature, implicating the need for targeted research. Pertinent information still relies on anecdotal observations, case reports, case series, or scarce reviews, which are dated rather old and published in vascular-oriented journals. The scarcity of published literature on acrocyanosis in dermatology-oriented journals points to the necessity of professional education and improvement of clinical diagnostic skills for dermatologists. Conclusions: Although acrocyanosis is the least known and the least studied acrosyndrome, it is increasingly more commonly confronted in the COVID-19 era. The diagnosis still largely relies on clinical findings. Accordingly, it has become a growing necessity for a dermatologist to remain updated on this peculiar disorder and be able to differentiate acrocyanosis from clinically similar cold-induced or cold-exacerbated acrosyndromes. Acrocyanosis is still misdiagnosed, underdiagnosed, underreported, and undertreated by the dermatology community.