Abiotic Stress-Induced Chloroplast and Cytosolic Ca2+ Dynamics in the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract

Calcium (Ca²⁺)-dependent signalling plays a well-characterised role in the perception and response mechanisms to environmental stimuli in plant cells. In the context of a constantly changing environment, it is fundamental to understand how crop yield and microalgal biomass productivity are affected by external factors. Ca²⁺ signalling is known to be important in different physiological processes in microalgae but many of these signal transduction pathways still need to be characterised. Here, compartment-specific Ca²⁺ dynamics were monitored in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells in response to environmental stressors, such as nutrient availability, osmotic stress, temperature fluctuations and carbon sensing. An in vivo single-cell imaging approach was adopted to directly visualise changes of Ca2+ concentrations at the level of specific subcellular compartments, using C. reinhardtii lines expressing a genetically encoded ratiometric Ca²⁺ indicator. Hyper-osmotic shock caused cytosolic and chloroplast Ca²⁺ elevations, whereas high temperature and inorganic carbon availability primarily induced Ca²⁺ transients in the chloroplast. In contrast, hypo-osmotic stress only induced Ca²⁺ elevations in the cytosol. The results herein reported show that in Chlamydomonas cells compartment-specific Ca²⁺ transients are closely related to specific external environmental stimuli, providing useful guidance for studying signal transduction mechanisms exploited by microalgae to respond to specific natural conditions.