Free radicals and their impact on health and antioxidant defenses: a review.

IF 7 2区生物学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Cell Death Discovery Pub Date : 2025-01-24 DOI:10.1038/s41420-024-02278-8

Nisansala Chandimali, Seon Gyeong Bak, Eun Hyun Park, Hyung-Jin Lim, Yeong-Seon Won, Eun-Kyung Kim, Sang-Ik Park, Seung Jae Lee

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Abstract

Free radicals, characterized by the presence of unpaired electrons, are highly reactive species that play a significant role in human health. These molecules can be generated through various endogenous processes, such as mitochondrial respiration and immune cell activation, as well as exogenous sources, including radiation, pollution, and smoking. While free radicals are essential for certain physiological processes, such as cell signaling and immune defense, their overproduction can disrupt the delicate balance between oxidants and antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress results in the damage of critical biomolecules like DNA, proteins, and lipids, contributing to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Chronic conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory diseases have been strongly associated with the harmful effects of free radicals. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics and types of free radicals, their mechanisms of formation, and biological impacts. Additionally, we explore natural compounds and extracts studied for their antioxidant properties, offering potential therapeutic avenues for managing free radical-induced damage. Future research directions are also discussed to advance our understanding and treatment of free radical-associated diseases.

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自由基及其对健康和抗氧化防御的影响综述。

自由基的特点是存在不成对的电子，是一种高度活性的物质，对人体健康起着重要作用。这些分子可以通过各种内源性过程产生，如线粒体呼吸和免疫细胞活化，也可以通过外源性来源产生，包括辐射、污染和吸烟。虽然自由基对某些生理过程至关重要，如细胞信号传导和免疫防御，但它们的过量产生会破坏氧化剂和抗氧化剂之间的微妙平衡，导致氧化应激。氧化应激导致DNA、蛋白质、脂质等关键生物分子的损伤，参与多种疾病的发病机制。慢性疾病，如癌症、心血管疾病、神经退行性疾病和炎症性疾病，都与自由基的有害影响密切相关。本文就自由基的特点、类型、形成机制及其生物学影响等方面作一综述。此外，我们还研究了天然化合物和提取物的抗氧化特性，为管理自由基诱导的损伤提供了潜在的治疗途径。展望未来的研究方向，以促进我们对自由基相关疾病的认识和治疗。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Cell Death Discovery Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Cell Biology

CiteScore

8.30

自引率

1.40%

发文量

468

审稿时长

9 weeks

期刊介绍： Cell Death Discovery is a multidisciplinary, international, online-only, open access journal, dedicated to publishing research at the intersection of medicine with biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, cell biology and cell death, provided it is scientifically sound. The unrestricted access to research findings in Cell Death Discovery will foster a dynamic and highly productive dialogue between basic scientists and clinicians, as well as researchers in industry with a focus on cancer, neurobiology and inflammation research. As an official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association (ADMC), Cell Death Discovery will build upon the success of Cell Death & Differentiation and Cell Death & Disease in publishing important peer-reviewed original research, timely reviews and editorial commentary. Cell Death Discovery is committed to increasing the reproducibility of research. To this end, in conjunction with its sister journals Cell Death & Differentiation and Cell Death & Disease, Cell Death Discovery provides a unique forum for scientists as well as clinicians and members of the pharmaceutical and biotechnical industry. It is committed to the rapid publication of high quality original papers that relate to these subjects, together with topical, usually solicited, reviews, editorial correspondence and occasional commentaries on controversial and scientifically informative issues.