Advances in Prenatal Cell-Free DNA Screening for Dominant Monogenic Conditions: A Review of Current Progress and Future Directions in Clinical Implementation.

Abstract

Prenatal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screening has advanced significantly, extending beyond detecting aneuploidies to sub-chromosomal copy number variations. However, its application for screening dominant single-gene conditions, often caused by de novo variants, remains underutilized in the general obstetric population. This study reviews recent data and experience on prenatal cfDNA screening for dominant monogenic conditions using multiple-gene panels, highlighting its potential to enhance early detection and management of genetic disorders. Integrating comprehensive cfDNA screening into routine prenatal care could complement current imaging techniques and standard prenatal cfDNA screening, which may overlook pre-symptomatic fetuses with dominant monogenic conditions in early gestation. Despite promising initial results, further research is needed to confirm the clinical validity and utility of cfDNA screening for these conditions. Larger and more diverse studies are necessary to assess the broader applicability of this technology. In addition, key challenges such as access, genetic counseling, ethical considerations, and policy development need to be addressed. A comprehensive approach, including rigorous test design, informed consent, and robust counseling, is essential for the successful adoption of expanded cfDNA screening, ultimately improving clinical outcomes.